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Bio202 > Unit 4: Lymphatic & Immune System > Flashcards

Unit 4: Lymphatic & Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Lipid absorption
Fluid recovery
Immunity

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2
Q

Describe lipid absorption by the lymphatic system

A

Lacteals in the small intestine absorb dietary lipids

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3
Q

Describe fluid recovery by the lymphatic system

A

Plasma proteins and interstitial fluids leak out of blood vessels into tissues, which is absorbed by lymph vessels and returned to the bloodstream

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4
Q

What happens if the lymphatic system’s fluid recovery is dysfunctional?

A

Edema

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5
Q

Describe immunity by the lymphatic system

A

Immune cells in the lymph organs can respond to foreign cells/chemicals while the fluid is being filtered

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6
Q

Describe lymph

A

Colorless, clear fluid that is similar to plasma but with less proteins

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7
Q

When interstitial fluid pressure builds up, what opens to let cells and bacteria into the lymph capillaries

A

Valve-like flaps

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8
Q

Describe the flow of lymph

A

lymphatic capillaries
collecting vessels (flow thru lymph nodes)
lymphatic trunks
collecting ducts (empty into subclavian arteries)

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9
Q

Where is the site of antigen challenges?

A

Lymph nodes

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10
Q

Where are surface lymph nodes located?

A

Axillary, inguinal, cervical regions

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11
Q

Where are deep lymph nodes located?

A

Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions

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12
Q

What are the 4 lymphatic organs

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen

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13
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph

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14
Q

There are ____ efferent vessels in lymph nodes than ______ which causes _______

A

fewer efferent than afferent

slows down flow through the node

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15
Q

Why is flow slowed in the lymph node?

A

So that reticular cells and macrophages can phagocytize foreign matter
Lymphocytes respond to antigens

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphatic cells (WBCs)

A

T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte
Antigen Presenting Cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and reticular cells)

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17
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature

A

Thymus

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic (killer) T cell
Helper T cell
Regulatory T cell
Memory T cell

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19
Q

What happens when a B lymphocyte is activated?

A

Proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells (which produce antibodies)

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20
Q

What are the types of Antigen Presenting Cells

A

Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Reticular Cells

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21
Q

What do Antigen Presenting Cells do?

A

Phagocytize antigens and then advertise them on surface

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22
Q

Where are dendritic cells located?

A

Epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymph organs

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23
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

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24
Q

Define non-specific defense

A

Broadly effective defenses which require no prior exposure to pathogens
Include external barriers
INNATE immunity (phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, fever, etc.)

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25
Q

Define specific defense

A

Targeted defense against specific pathogen resulting from prior exposure
ACQUIRED immunity (B & T Cells)

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26
Q

What are 4 external barriers for non-specific defense?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Digestive system
Genitourinary system

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27
Q

How is the skin an external barrier?

A

Tough keratin
Dry, nutrient poor environment
Defensin proteins which attack microbes (from neutrophils)
Lactic acid mantle

28
Q

How are mucous membranes an external barrier?

A

Sticky mucus
Lysozymes in tears and saliva which kill pathogens

29
Q

How is the digestive system an external barrier?

A

Stomach acidity and lysozymes in saliva

30
Q

How is the genitourinary system an external barrier?

A

Vaginal acidity
Flushing with urine

31
Q

What are the 5 types of cells involved in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

32
Q

Describe neutrophils and their function

A

Phagocytizes bacteria
Creates “killing zone” with defensins and respiratory bursts

33
Q

Define defensins

A

Antimicrobial proteins

34
Q

Describe respiratory burst

A

Toxic chemical released to attack a pathogen

35
Q

Describe eosinophils and their function

A

Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
Antiparasitic by aggregating and releasing enzymes

36
Q

Describe basophils and their function

A

Aid movement of WBCs and increase inflammation with heparin and histamine

37
Q

Describe lymphocytes and their function

A

Usually specific, but can be nonspecific
Called natural killer cells
NK cells lyse infected host cells by releasing perforin proteins

38
Q

Define complement system and the 2 types

A

Plasma proteins in the blood which are activated by pathogen
Opsonization and Cytolysis

39
Q

Describe opsonization

A

Complement protein which binds to antigens to promote phagocytosis

40
Q

Describe cytolysis

A

Membrane attack complex which punches holes in membrane

41
Q

Describe inflammation and how it is innate immunity

A

Defense response to tissue injury which limits spread of pathogens and destroys them
Then removes debris and initiates tissue repair

42
Q

Acquired immunity is _____ and has a _____

A

specific with a memory

43
Q

What are the 2 types of specific defense?

A

Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity

44
Q

Describe cellular immunity

A

Cell mediated by T Cells

45
Q

Describe humoral immunity

A

Antibody mediated by B Cells

46
Q

What are the 4 types of acquired immunity?

A

Natural active
Artificial active

Natural passive
Artificial passive

47
Q

How do you get natural active immunity?

A

Natural exposure to an antigen causes you to produce your own antibodies or T Cells (which have memory)

48
Q

How do you get artificial active immunity?

A

Vaccination which causes you to produce your own antibodies or T Cells (which have memory)

49
Q

How do you get natural passive immunity?

A

Gain non-self antibodies thru natural methods (thru placenta and breast milk)
Don’t produce memory cells so immunity is temporary

50
Q

How do you get artificial passive immunity?

A

Gain non-self antibodies thru artificial methods like treatments for snakebite, rabies, tetanus, etc.
Don’t produce memory cells so immunity is temporary

51
Q

Describe clonal selection

A

Only the T or B lymphocytes that are activated by the antigen exposure will proliferate, which THEN differentiate and specialize against antigen

52
Q

Acquired cellular immunity involves

A

T Cells

53
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do

A

Carry out the attack

54
Q

What do helper T cells do

A

Help promote T and B cell actions and also nonspecific defense mechanisms

55
Q

What do regulatory T cells do

A

Control cell-mediated attacks

56
Q

What do memory T cells do

A

Provide immunity from future exposure to a specific antigen

57
Q

Acquired humoral immunity involves

A

B cells

58
Q

After T helper cell stimulation, B cells …

A

proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies

59
Q

Describe how antibodies initiate destruction of an antigen

A

Antibody binds to antigen, disables it (“net”), and tags it for destruction by a phagocyte

60
Q

Describe neutralization in the humoral attack phase

A

Antibodies block pathogenic region of an antigen like a net

61
Q

Describe complement fixation in the humoral attack phase

A

When an antigen binds to an antibody it initiates complement protein binding

62
Q

Describe agglutination in the humoral attack phase

A

Binds to multiple enemy cells and causes clumping which immobilizes them

63
Q

Describe opsonization in the humoral attack phase

A

When an antigen binds to an antibody it promotes phagocytosis

64
Q

Describe Lymphatic Filariasis
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk group?

A

Tropical parasitic disease that affects the lymph nodes and vessels

Causes swelling and thickening of body parts, especially legs

Spread by mosquitos in tropical zones, long term exposure leads to condition

65
Q

Describe AIDS
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk group?
Treatment?

A

HIV virus attacks T Cells which makes you vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancer

Asymptomatic or flu-like in beginning
Long term effects vary depending on which infections/ cancers are acquired, can lead to memory loss

Classified as chronic illness, antiretroviral drugs given to help immune system

66
Q

Describe Hodgkins Lymphoma
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk group?
Treatment?

A

Cancer of lymphocytes, usually starting in B Cells
Indicated by abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells

Swelling lymph nodes, fever, lethargy, and weight loss

Highly curable cancer, treated with chemo, radiation, and bone marrow transplant

67
Q

Describe Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
Cause?
Symptoms?
Risk group?
Treatment?

A

Cancer of B Cells (only sometimes T cells)

Elderly, caucasian, insecticides and drugs, exposure to radiation, suppressed immune system, some viral infections

Swollen lymph nodes, fever, abdominal pain

Chemo, radiation, and stem cell transplant

Bio202 (9 decks)

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