Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomic Pathology 2 > Unit 4 -Pancreas > Flashcards

Unit 4 -Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What leads to secretion from the exocrine pancreas?

A

hormones released by stomach and duodenum in response to gastric distension and/or ingesta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

bicarbonate-rich fluid and pro-enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of the bicarbonate-rich fluid that is released from the pancreas?

A

it is to neutralize acid from the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What specific pro-enzymes are released from the pancreas?

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pro-phospholipase, pro-lipase etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the exocrine pancreas prevent autodigestion?

A

it stores its enzymes and secretes them in an inactive form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When are pancreatic enzymes activated?

A

in the intestinal lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas made up of?

A

acini/acinar cells, ducts, interstitium, vessels, and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the acinar cells contain?

A

zymogen granules, which are vesciles filled with pro-enzymes for digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What defense mechanisms does the exocrine pancreas have to prevent autodigestion?

A

proenzymes are not activated until in the intestinal lumen, enzyme inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What enzyme inhibitors does the exocrine pancreas have?

A

Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, alpha antitrypsin, alpha 2 macroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Generally, what are some lesions/syndromes that can happen to the pancreas?

A

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, inflammation, hyperplasia, and neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does exocrine pancreatic insufficiency occur?

A

when the pancreas does not produce adequate amounts of digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does exocrine pancreatic insufficiency lead to?

A

maldigestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

You typically need to lose ______ of the exocrine pancreas before clinical signs of EPI to develop.

A

greater than or equal to 90 percen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What clinical signs are associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A

polyphagia, weight loss with muscle wasting, yellowish, poorly digested, loose and pulpy feces, increased fecal volume, and frequent defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you diagnose EPI antemortem?

A

serum TLI (Trypsin-like immunoreactivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does a TLI test measure?

A

trypsinogen and trypsin-like immunoreactivity in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some causes of EPI?

A

juvenile pancreatic atrophy and chronic pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What species is juvenile pancreatic atrophy the most common cause of EPI in?

A

dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What age animal typically gets juvenile pancratic atrophy?

A

typically 6-36 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What species is juvenile pancreatic atrophy reported in?

A

dogs and calves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes juvenile pancreatic atrophy?

A

either auto-immune destruction of the pancreas or it is congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What species is chronic pancreatitis the most common cause of EPI in?

A

cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What age animal typically gets chronic pancreatitis?

A

typically middle age to older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis the result of?

A

progressive destruction of the pancreas by necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What can be impaired by chronic pancreatitis?

A

both exocrine and endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What breeds is canine juvenile pancreatic atrophy an inherited condition in?

A

german shepards and rough-coated collies

28
Q

What provides as evidence for autoimmune disease in canine juvenile pancreatic atrophy?

A

marked T-lymphocyte infiltration during the progression of acinar atrophy and breed predisposition

29
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of the pancreas

30
Q

What does pancreatitis result from?

A

premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreatic acinar cells causing pancreatic auto-digestion

31
Q

What forms of pancreatitis are there?

A

chronic and acute

32
Q

What species is acute pancreatitis clinically important in?

A

dogs

33
Q

What clinical signs are associated with acute pancreatitis in dogs?

A

anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, painful abdomen, and fever

34
Q

What can severe cases of acute pancreatitis lead to?

A

shock, DIC, and death due to multi-organ dysfunction

35
Q

What clinical signs are associated with acute pancreatitis in horses?

A

colic, +/- shock, clinical signs are non-specific and resemble signs of small obstruction or inflammation

36
Q

What signalment is associated with acute pancreatitis?

A

it is more common in middle-aged, obese, sedentary, small-breed bitches\

37
Q

What may an animal with acute pancreatitis have a history of?

A

high fat meal and dietary indiscrestion

38
Q

What diagnostics are used to diagnose acute pancreatitis?

A

CBC (leukocytosis), serum chemistries, and imaging

39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis?

A
  1. Zymogen granules fuse with lysosomes 2. Cathepsin B activates trypsinogen to trypsin 3. Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor overwhelmed 4. Trypsin activates additional enzymes in the pancreas 5. Autodigestion 6. Inflammation
40
Q

What are some initiating events that lead to acute pancreatitis?

A

dietary, trauma, ischemia, drugs, toxins, infectious, metabolic, and idiopathic

41
Q

What gross lesions are associated with acute necrotizing pancreatitis?

A

hyperemia, hemorrhage and necrosis, fibrinopurulent exudate, peripancreatic fat necrosis, and fibrinous adhesions to adjacent structures and omentum

42
Q

What happens to animals with chronic (relapsing) pancreatitis?

A

they suffer recurrent, intermittent attachs that contribute to the morphological and functional destruction of the gland

43
Q

How does chronic (relapsing) pancreatitis lead to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. Necrotic/inflamed focus is liquefied, sequestered, or replaced by fibrous connective tissue 2. Loss of pancreatic parenchyma + fibrosis 3. Decreased pancreatic mass leading to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes mellitus
44
Q

What are some sequela to pancreatitis?

A

bile duct obstruction, anorexia and vomiting, hepatic necrosis, peripancreatic fat necrosis, diabetes mellitus, liquefactive necrosis of the pancreas, peripancreatic inflammation, and systemic release of inflammatory mediators and activated digestive enzymes

45
Q

In regards to diabetes mellitus, what can severe acute pancreatitis lead to?

A

+/- temporary diabetes

46
Q

In regards to diabetes mellitus, what can severe extensive, chronic pancreatitis lead to?

A

+/- permanent diabetes

47
Q

How does chronic fibrosing pancreatitis with peripancreatic adhesions lead to jaundice?

A
  1. Chronic fibrosing pancreatitis with peripancreatic adhesions 2. bile duct obstruction 3. dilated bile duct and gall bladder 4. jaundice
48
Q

What clinical signs are associated with equine pancreatitis?

A

colic +/- shock

49
Q

What is the pathogenesis of equine pancreatitis?

A
  1. severe strongyle infection 2. migration of Strongylus equinus larvae through the pancreas 3. Eosinophilic granulomas and/or fibrosis 4. pancreatitis
50
Q

What species has pancreatic exocrine nodular hyperplasia been reported in?

A

dogs, cats, and cattle

51
Q

True or False: Pancreatic exocrine nodular hyperplasia is considered an incidental finding

A

TRUE

52
Q

What causes pancreatic exocrine nodular hyperplasia?

A

age-related hyperplastic foci and response to previous injury

53
Q

What species is age-related hyperplastic foci common in?

A

dogs and cats

54
Q

Age-related hyperplastic foci have a positive correlation with age ______ of the presence or absence of pancreatic inflammation, necrosis, or fibrosis.

A

regardless

55
Q

What is the appearance of pancreatic exocrine nodular hyperplasia?

A

multiple, small, white to tan, well-circumscribed nodules 1-3mm in diameter

56
Q

True or False: Neoplasias of the exocrine pancreas are common

A

FALSE

57
Q

What types of neoplasias are often found in the exocrine pancreas?

A

adenoma and adenocarcinomas

58
Q

What do neoplasias of the exocrine pancreas arise from?

A

acinar or ductal epithelium

59
Q

Are adenomas in the pancreas common?

A

no they are rare and often clinically silent

60
Q

What is the appearance of pancreatic adenomas?

A

single/solitary, well-demarcated and encapsulated, typically have multiple nodules with hyperplasia

61
Q

Are pancreatic adenocarcinomas typically benign or malignant?

A

malignant

62
Q

What animals do pancreatic adenocarcinomas generally occur in?

A

older dogs

63
Q

What clinical signs are associated with pancreatic neoplasms?

A

abdominal pain, vomiting, weight loss, abdominal mass, +/- jaundice, +/- ascites

64
Q

What is the biological behavior of pancreatic neoplasias?

A

they are aggressive tumors - disease is often advanced by the time of diagnosis

65
Q

Where do pancreatic neoplasms typically metastasize to?

A

lung, liver, spleen, and kidney

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions