Unit 4 stuff; cancer

Question 1

what are the stages of cancer metastasis

Answer 1

1. cancer is confined to organ of origin
2. cancer is locally invasive
3. cancer spreads to regional structures (ex,, lymph nodes)
4. cancer has spread to distant areas of body

Question 2

what type of cancer does a pap smear screen for?

Answer 2

cervical cancer

Question 3

what type of cancer does a mammogram screen for?

Answer 3

breast cancer screening

Question 4

What is one way you can check for prostate and ovarian cancer

Answer 4

blood tests

Question 5

how can you screen for colon cancer

Answer 5

fecal occult blood test (test to find smallest amount of blood in the stool), and colonoscopy.

Question 6

how is cancer diagnosed

Answer 6

biopsy;microscopic examination

Question 7

what do scientists look for when looking for cancer

Answer 7

irregular shaped cells, awk size and shape of a nucleus and the cell size and shape, loss of specialized cellular features, no more organized tissue, poor tumor boundary.

Question 8

what is anaplasia

Answer 8

loss of mature characteristics (less mature characteristics)

Question 9

what is autonomy

Answer 9

loss of response to environmental signals.

Question 10

what is the most common type of cancer

Answer 10

carcinomas

Question 11

what part of body do carcinomas form?

Answer 11

cells covering external and internal body surfaces; ex) lung, breast, colon

Question 12

what part of body do sarcomas form/affect

Answer 12

supporting tissues of body; ex) bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle.

Question 13

what part of the body do lymphomas form and affect

Answer 13

lymph nodes; ex) immune system body tissue

Question 14

what part of the body do leukemia form and affect

Answer 14

immature blood cells that grow in bone marrow; will often build up in large numbers in blood stream

Question 15

what does the prefix adeno mean

Answer 15

gland

Question 16

what does the prefix chrondro mean

Answer 16

cartilidge

Question 17

what does the prefix erythro mean

Answer 17

red blood cell

Question 18

what does the prefix hemangio mean

Answer 18

blood vessels

Question 19

what does the prefix hepato mean

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

what does the prefix lipo mean

Answer 20

fat

Question 21

what does the prefix lympho mean

Answer 21

lymphocyte

Question 22

what does the prefix melano mean

Answer 22

pigment cell

Question 23

what does the prefix myelo mean

Answer 23

bone marrow

Question 24

what does the prefix myo mean

Answer 24

muscle

Question 25

what does the prefix osteo mean

Answer 25

bone

Question 26

what are factors associated w benign tumors

Answer 26

slow growing, well differentiated (cell composition), looks like original tissue, well-defined capsule, no metastasis

Question 27

what factors are associated with malignant tumors

Answer 27

rapid growth, frequent mitosis, poorly differentiated, not encapsulated, invades local tissues, spreads easily(blood + lymphatics)

Question 28

what are a few things that inc risk for cancer

Answer 28

tobacco use, sunshine, x-ray, viruses, bacteria, stomach cancer, hereditary.

Question 29

what is the single largest cause of death from cancer

Answer 29

smoking

Question 30

What can HIV patients develop that looks like skin lesions, but is a malignant tumor of blood vessels located in the skin.

Answer 30

KSHV

Question 31

what is H. pylori

Answer 31

a bacteria that causes stomach ulcers... can possibly lead to cancer

Question 32

is cancer generally an inherited disease

Answer 32

no.

Question 33

hereditary retinoblastoma can lead to what cancer?

Answer 33

retinoblastoma

Question 34

xeroderma pigmentosum can lead to what cancer?

Answer 34

skin cancer

Question 35

wilms' tumor can lead to what cancer?

Answer 35

kidney cancer

Question 36

li-fraumeni syndrome can lead to what cancer?

Answer 36

sarcomas, brain, breast and lukemia

Question 37

familial adenomatous polyposis can lead to what cancer?

Answer 37

colon and rectum cancer

Question 38

pagets disease of bone can lead to what cancer?

Answer 38

bone cancer

Question 39

faconi's aplastic anemia can lead to what cancer?

Answer 39

lukemia, liver, and skin cancer.

Question 40

How many genes are in 1 cell

Answer 40

30,000 genes

Question 41

what do genes make for the cells

Answer 41

protein

Question 42

how do all cancers begin

Answer 42

when 1 or more genes mutate it creates abnormal proteins; this allows cell to rapidly multiply and become cancerous

Question 43

what is the most common cause of cancer though genetic mutations

Answer 43

acquired mutations is the most common cause of cancer

Question 44

is acquired mutations passed parent to child

Answer 44

no

Question 45

how do aquired mutations occur

Answer 45

they happen when a person damages the genes throughout their life

Question 46

what is a germline mutation

Answer 46

when a mutation is passed parent to child

Question 47

are germline mutations or aquired mutations more common

Answer 47

aquired mutations are more common

Question 48

what does oncongenes do

Answer 48

turn helathy cells into cancer cells; NOT INHERITED

Question 49

what genes are linked to cancer (name em)

Answer 49

BRCA1, BRCA2, P53

Question 50

what do DNA repair genes do

Answer 50

fix mistakes made when DNA is copied; many are tumor suppressor genes.

Question 51

what are the factors that affect the invasion/local spread of the cancer

Answer 51

- how fast cells are replicating and dying - mechanical pressure (local tissue death makes tumor cells spread rapidly. -increasing release of lytic enzymes - tumor cells can easily slip between normal cells making them spread quickly - have increased motility.

Question 52

what is the dependent factor for cancer to metastasis by implantation

Answer 52

adequate blood supply to new tumor colonies (angiogenesis)

Question 53

what is it called when a tumor shows a preference for a certain organ

Answer 53

organ tropism

Question 54

what is the most common "scheme" of staging a tumor

Answer 54

TNM T- tumor spread N - lymph node involvement M- presence of distant metastasis.

Question 55

what does "T" mean

Answer 55

tumor

Question 56

what does "N" mean

Answer 56

Node

Question 57

what does "M" mean

Answer 57

metastasis

Question 58

what symptoms come along with early onset cancer

Answer 58

usually no pain; later on pain, fear, anxiety, sleep loss etc can occur

Question 59

what is pain management treatment in cancer

Answer 59

1) control pain 2)prevent reoccurance 3) constant re-evaluation of pain

Question 60

what is another word for fatigue

Answer 60

malaise

Question 61

what is the most reported symptom of cancer

Answer 61

fatigue

Question 62

what is another word for cachexia

Answer 62

wasting

Question 63

is anemia a symptom of cancer

Answer 63

yes; lack of blood

Question 64

what can cause chronoic hemorrhage in cancer patients

Answer 64

thrombocytopenia

Question 65

what does leukopenia result in sometimes

Answer 65

a serious infection

Question 66

what is surgery treatment used for

Answer 66

nonmetastatic cancer

Question 67

what is chemotherapy treatment used for

Answer 67

single or combo of agents; attack cancer cells @ diff stages of its life cycle

Question 68

what is radiation treatment used for

Answer 68

eradicate cancer without producing too much toxicity in body

Question 69

what is immunotherapy treatment used for

Answer 69

tumor- specific vaccine to target only cancer cells; monoclonal antibodies

Question 70

what is mohs surgery

Answer 70

a precise surgical technique to treat skin cancer (thin layers of the cancerous tissue is removed until only non-cancerous tissue is left)

Question 71

what are some side-effects of cancer treatments

Answer 71

- GI tract; oral ulcers, malabsorption, diarrhea, inc risk of infections (nausea sometimes) -cannabis and opiods sometimes helps -have really good oral hygene -hair and skin loss -dec fertility and early menopause

Question 72

How common is cancer in children

Answer 72

RARE; HOWEVER it is the second leading cause of death in children who live past 1 year

Question 73

does childhood cancer involve tissue or organs

Answer 73

tissue ; organs = adults

Question 74

most common cancers in children?

Answer 74

sarcomas, leukemia, lymphomas

Question 75

what is the cause of cancers

Answer 75

unknown --> (immunosupressions, chromosomal abnormalities, prenatal exposure to some drugs, childhood exposure to secondhand smoke, ionizing radiation.