Unit 4- The Cell Flashcards by Lauren Abeling-Judge

What is the function of a cell?

To carry out the basic functions/ properties of life

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What is Abiogenesis?

The theory of the origin of life

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Explain Abiogenesis

Early earth environment was lacking O2- the first living cells which formed would have been anaerobic as well
Atoms formed molecules
molecules for monomers
Monomers formed polymers
Polymers formed a cell- most likely a bacterium

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What is the mechanism of Abinogeneis called?

Spontaneous generation

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What is the primordial soup?

Assumes the habitat may have been a shoreline near an ocean

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What is the hydrothermal Vent?

Assumes the habitat was near a volcanic vent
Volcanic area releasing black smoke

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Who is the Father of Microbiology?

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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Who coined the term “ cell” and why?

Robert Hooke - he was looking at a piece of cork and saw that the units looked like prison cells because he was looking at dead tissue. It was empty because there was no cytoplasm

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What is the The Unified Cell Theory of Biology?

All living things are composed of 1 more cells, Cell is basic unit of life, New cells arise from preexisting cells (cells can reproduce), Cells contain DNA

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What are the Basic Feature of All Cells?

1) Plasma membrane 2) Ribosomes 3) Cytoplasm 4) DNA

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Features of Prokaryotic cell?

1) No nucleus 2) No membrane-bound organelles

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Features of Eukaryotic cells?

1) Nucleus 2) Membrane-bound organelles

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Features of Eukaryotic Cells: Animal CELLS?

Nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
e.g. mitochondria, nucleus
Has a membrane of lipids around it
Much larger than prokaryotic cells

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Features of Eukaryotic cells: Plant?

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Produces food through photosynthesis
Central vacuole
One holds water
Different shape than cells in the animal kingdom

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What sets limits on cell size?

Metabolism

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Why is Surface area to volume ratio of a cell is critical?

Diffusion would take longer the bigger a cell is

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As surface area increases by a factor ___ volume increased by a factor of _____.

n^2/ n^3

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True or False: Small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume

True

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What is the primary reason for a cell to be small?

Transport nutrients and wastes into/out of the cell

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Components of the plasma membrane.

1) Selective barrier
2) Phospholipid bilayer
Two layered structure
Give plasma membranes its plasma structure
Like motor oil- fluid, but has some resistance to flow
Fatty acids are in the middle
Phosphate groups are the circles
Various proteins
Transport proteins
To move things across the membrane
Enzymes
Attached on the outside surface of the plasma membrane
Steriods
Receptor proteins to take in hormones
Carbohydrates
Fluid-mosaic
Central to life

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The production of ____ and _____ and the use of ______ all occurs within the cells through organelles

lipids/proteins/carbohydrates

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What allows for eukaryotic organelles to become specialized

the nucleus

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What controls all of the activities of the cell?

DNA

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How does DNA control all of the activities of the cell?

Through the creation of proteins

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In a eukaryotic cell, what is a a membrane bound organelle

The nucleus

The nuclear membrane is...

-Double layer -Holes- pores Not large enough for the DNA to get out RNA is small enough to get out of the nucleus

What is the function of ribosomes?

To create proteins

What are ribosome made of?

Made up of nucleic acids- RNA and proteins

Where are ribosomes found?

Found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

What are the functions of the Endomembrane System?

regulates protein/lipis traffic Perform metabolic functions

Components of the Endomembrane System?

Nuclear envelope/ nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Various vesicles and vacuoles Plasma membrane

Which organelle in the cell is involved in digestion of foreign substances or worn out organelles (or a tadpole’s tail)?

Lysosome

What is the invagination hypothesis?

Cell membrane invaginates and forms a membrane around DNA

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum ?

Attached to the nucleus and used in making proteins and lipids

What is the function of the rough ER?

shaped like a sac Has ribosomes on its surface produces proteins Usually closest to the nucleus

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Shape of a tube like a straw Where lipids are produced as directed by theDNA within the nucleus of the cell

What are the cisternae?

Stacked and flattened membranous sacs of the golgi apparatus

What does the cisternae do?

Modified products of the ER Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Function of the golgi apparatus?

Warehouse of the cell

What is the Cis face?

the receiving end of the golgi apparatus

What is the trans face?

The shipping side of the golgi apparatus

Which organelles are in animal cells only?

Lysosomes

Which organelle has a low pH (acidic- around 5)

the lysosome

Lysosomes contain...

digestive enzymes

What is the function of the lysosome?

Break down/recycle food, bacteria & old cell parts

What is autophagy?

digests cellular organelle

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death

Function of the cental vacuole in plants?

Lysol of a plant cell Main activity is to store water

What can take up 90% of the plant cell’s interior

The central vacuole

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

detoxify and Breaks down lipids

Who invented the Endosymbiotic theorgy?

Lynn Marguilis, 1981

What is the Endosymbiotic theory?

One cells consume another, doesn’t digest it, the cell that is consumed takes on a function inside of its host

Which organelles has it's own DNA and ribsomes?

The mitochondrion

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

It is the powerhouse of the cell. It is in cellular respiration

How does the mitochondrion produce ATP?

Sugars and O2, CO2 and water are formed plus ATP and heat Energy conversion process that breaks down energy molecules in carbohydrates and creates needed energy Allow for enough energy to be produced so that multicellular/complex organisms could develop

What is oxidative metabolism?

It is the CARBOHYDRATE PROCESSING of the mitochondria. Mitochondria use carboyhydrate as fuel for enegry production

What are plastids?

double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae. They are responsible for storing food

What is the function of chromoplasts?

plastids responsible for pigment

Etioplast

the plastids that form when leaves and other organs grow in darkness

Protoplastic

A cell of a plant, fungus, bacterium, or archaeon from which the cell wall has been removed, leaving the protoplasm and plasma membrane.

Chloroplasts

photosynthesis takes place.

leucoplast

used for the storage of starch or oil.

amyloplas

type of leucoplast used for the storage of starch or oil.

elaioplast

plastids that specialize in oil synthesis and storage

proteinplast

protein synthesis

Are plastids one type of organelle?

No. They are variable organelles in plants

Which organelle is responsible for carbohydrate processing in plants?

The chloroplast

True or False: The cystoskeleton is better developed in animals because they lack a cell wall?

True

What makes up the cell's cystoskeleton?

Protein fibers in cytoplasm

What is the cytoskelton responsible for?

Shape/ movement/ reproduction

Which organelle is the primary site for aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Mitchondria

What is responsible for flagella "whipping" movement?

Microtubules

Structure of a microtubule?

Microtubules are hollow rods Made of tublin Tubulin forms a hollow rod or cynlinders

What allows for the separation of chromosomes into daughter cells?

Microtubule

What are the proteins involved in microtubule movement?

Actin and myosin

What is responsible for amoeboid movement?

microtubule

What is Cyclosis?

Streaming of cytoplasm. Cytoplasm circulates inside the cell membrane and can move to adjacent cells

Cell wall of fungi is made of

Chitin

What is Chitin?

Indigestible polysaccharides- the wall the glucose molecules are bonded together

What is the cell wall in Bacteria made of?

peptidoglycans

What is the cell wall in plants made of?

cellulose

What is lignin?

Complex polymers that creates rigidity to trees and bark

What is the term for when the cell membrane has pulled away from the cell wall

PLASMOLYSIS

A vacuole will________ when the plant loses water

shrink

What are Plasmodesmata?

Holes in the cell wall that performate plane cell walls

What allows for Allow for cyclosis to occur

Plasmodesmata

Mitochondria are divided into functional areas known as ________.

cristae and mitochondrial matrix

Lysosomes function as part of the endomembrane system involved in ________.

pathogen destruction

The cytosol outside a vesicle ________ the fluid vesicle interior.

may be very different from

________ are composed of protein and RNA.

Ribosomes

________ is a major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Cystosol

The ________ is an low energy way for a plant cell to expand.

central vacuole

________ are composed of fibrous filaments.

Intermediate filaments

In animal cells, the centrosome is the ________ organizing center.

microtubule

Which units of the cytoskeleton are composed of actin?

microfilaments

________ prevent fluid from leaking between adjacent cells.

Tight junctions

________ are membrane-bound sacs with a variety of functions in cells.

Vesciles

Which cytoskeletal element does not play a role in intracellular movement?

Intermediate filaments

________ are always formed of ________ in a 9+2 array.

Flagella and cilia; microtubules

Microfilaments function mainly in ________.

cellular movement

________ are created by cadherins connected to intermediate filaments.

Desosomes

Plants contain specialized peroxisomes known as ________ that convert stored fats into sugars.

glyoxysomes

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on the surface or embedded in the plasma membrane itself?

proteins

Animal cells signal to adjacent cells using a ________.

Gap junctions

In the mitochondrion, the inner layer folds are called _______

the cristae

In the mitcondrion, the area surrounded by the folds is called the

mitochondrial matrix