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Renal > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

0
Q

– Bean shaped organs
– located retroperitoneally
– Adrenal gland on top of each
– Cushioned by fat and connective tissue
– Covered by a fibrous membrane
– Hilus on medial side - arteries and nerves enter/ veins and ureters exit

A

Macrostructure of kidneys

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1
Q

– Nephron is the functional unit
– Glomerulus
– Bowmans capsule
– Tubular system

A

Micro structure of the kidneys

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2
Q

Renal artery arises from the aorta, and divides into smaller branches, each of those divides into and afferent arterial, and those further divided into a capillary network called the glomerulus

A

Renal blood supply

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3
Q

Blood is filtered by hydrostatic pressure, it passes through Bowmans capsule, glomerular filtrate passes down the tubule

A

Glomerular function of urine formation

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4
Q

125 mL/ minute

A

Normal glomerular filtration right (GFR)

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5
Q
  • The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs 80% of electrolytes
  • loop of henle reabsorbs water
  • descending loop reabsorbs water, some Na, urea and other solutes
A

Tubular function of urine formation - reabsorption

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6
Q

– Re-absorption

– Secretion

A

Tubular function of urine formation

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7
Q

– RBC production stimulated by erythropoietin production
– BP regulation by RAAS
– Vitamin D activation
– Acid-base balance

A

Other functions of the kidney

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8
Q
  • Join the renal pelvis at the ureteropelvic junction (JVP)
  • Join the Bladder at the ureterovesicle junction
    (UVJ)
A

Ureters

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9
Q
  • Serves as a reservoir for urine – capacity 600 to 1000 mL
  • Trigone
  • Bladder muscle (detruser)
  • urination, micurtation, voiding
A

Bladder

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10
Q

– Extends from bladder neck to external meatus
– Conduit for urine during voiding
– Length is 1 to 2 inches in females, and 8 to 10 inches and males

A

Urethra

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11
Q

– Formed by bladder, urethra, and pelvic floor muscles

– Voluntary control of this unit is defined as continence

A

Urethrovesical unit

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12
Q

– Size and weight of kidneys decrease
– 30 to 50% of glomerular function lost by seventh decade
– Atherosclerosis accelerates the decrease of renal size with age

A

Effects of aging on urinary system

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13
Q

– Decreased renal bloodflow decreases GFR
– Altered hormone levels result in decreased ability to concentrate urine, and altered excretion of water, sodium, potassium, and acid
– Loss of elasticity and muscle support
– Prostate enlargement

A

Physiologic changes on the urinary system due to aging

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14
Q

Gather past health history, current medications, surgical or other treatment history

A

Subjective data - Important health information

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15
Q

Health perception – health management pattern, nutritional pattern, elimination pattern, activity – exercise pattern, sleep – rest pattern, cognitive – perceptual pattern, self perception – self-concept pattern, roll – relationship pattern, sexuality – reproductive pattern

A

Subjective data - functional health patterns

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16
Q
  • Inspection of the mouth, skin, face, extremities and abdomen
  • weight and general state of health
A

Physical exam – inspection

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17
Q

– Kidneys and bladder should not be palpable

A

Physical exam – palpation

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18
Q

– Kidney punch, and bladder

A

Physical exam – percussion

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19
Q
  • bell at costovertebral angle (CVA)

- diaphragm for bowel sounds

A

Physical exam – auscultation

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20
Q

– No costovertebral angle tenderness
– Nonpalpable kidney and bladder
– No palpable masses

A

Normal physical assessment of the urinary system

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21
Q

– First morning void, examine the urine within one hour

A

Urinalysis

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22
Q
  • Urinalysis

- creatinine clearance

A

Urine diagnostic studies

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23
Q

– Collect 24 hour urine specimen, this closely reflects GFR
– Most accurate indicator of renal function
– Reflects amounts of creatinine completely cleared by the kidneys in one minute

A

Creatinine clearance

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24
Q

– Visualizes renal blood vessels

– Can assist in diagnosing renal artery stenosis, renal cyst/ tumor differentiation

A

Renal angiogram

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25
Q

Prepare patient the prior evening by giving Catharitic or enema, assess for iodine sensitivity, explain the transient warm feeling felt when the media is injected

A

Preparing a patient for renal angiogram

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26
Q

Place a pressure dressing over the for moral artery injection site, observe for bleeding. Maintain bed rest. Take peripheral pulses Q 30 to 60 minutes. Observe for complications including thrombus, embolus, inflammation, and hematoma.

A

Taking care of a patient after a renal angiogram

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27
Q

Used to insert catheters, remove calculi, obtain biopsies, and treat bleeding lesions. Lithotomy position is used

A

Cystoscopy

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28
Q

Force fluids or give IV fluids if Anesthesia is to be used. And sure consent is signed, and give preop medication.

A

Preparing a patient for a cystoscopy

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29
Q

Explain that Burning on urination, pink tinged urine, and urinary frequency are expected. Observe for bright red bleeding, monitor for orthostatic hypotension. Offer sits baths, heat or analgesics

A

Caring for a patient after cystoscopy

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30
Q

Regulate volume and composition of extracellular fluid – reflects the kidneys ability to produce a concentrated or diluted urine

A

Primary function of the kidneys

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31
Q

Excreting fluid, waste products and toxins

A

Secondary function of the kidneys

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32
Q
  • Influenced by protein intake, G.I. bleed, and hydration

- two thirds of renal function is lost before significant rise in this level occurs

A

BUN

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33
Q

Kidneys secrete or retain bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in response to the pH of the blood

A

Acid-base balance function of the kidney

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34
Q

Produces enzyme called erythropoietin factor which activates erythropoietin which stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin production - function of the kidneys

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35
Q

Alterations in drug excretion, nocturia, decreased ability to concentrate urine; less concentrated urine

A

Changes in urinary assessment findings due to aging

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36
Q

– More reliable than BUN
- reflects GFR
– Used to estimate functional capacity of the kidneys

A

Serum creatinine

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37
Q

– GFR and renal function fallen to half of its normal state

A

Creatinine level two times normal

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38
Q

– 75% loss of renal function

A

Creatinine value of three times normal

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39
Q
  • Assume 90% of renal function lost

– A critical value

A

Creatinine level of 10 or more

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40
Q
  • Normal ratio is 10 to 1
  • ratio of 15 to one or more indicates a pre-renal condition
  • ratio of less than 10 to 1 indicates liver disease or low-protein diet
A

BUN/creatinine ratio

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41
Q

Accumulation of waste products in blood

A

Azotemia

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42
Q

Sudden onset

A

Acute kidney injury

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43
Q

Gradual onset, over many years

A

Chronic kidney disease

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44
Q

Acute tubular necrosis

A

Most common cause of acute kidney injury

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45
Q

Diabetic neuropathy

A

Most common cause of chronic kidney disease

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46
Q

Acute reduction in urine output and or elevation of serum creatinine

A

Diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury

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47
Q

GFR less than 60 mL per minute for longer than three months for kidney damage lasting longer than three months

A

Diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease

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48
Q

Potentially reversible

A

Reversibility of acute kidney injury

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49
Q

Progressive and irreversible

A

Reversibility a chronic kidney disease

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50
Q

Infection

A

Primary cause of death in acute kidney injury

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51
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Primary cause of death in chronic kidney disease

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52
Q

– Factors external to the kidneys that reduced renal bloodflow causing decreased GFR, and oliguria
– Examples being dehydration, heart failure, and decreased cardiac output

A

Prerenal causes of acute kidney injury

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53
Q

– Causes include conditions that directly damaged kidney tissue resulting from prolonged ischemia, nephrotoxins, hemoglobin release from hemolyzed RBCs, myoglobin release from the Necrotic muscle cells, and acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

A

Intrarenal causes of acute kidney injury

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54
Q
  • Results from ischemia, nephrotoxins, or sepsis

- potentially reversible

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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55
Q

– Caused by mechanical obstruction in the urinary tract, including BPH, prostate cancer, calculi, trauma, and extrarenal tumors

A

Post renal causes of acute kidney injury

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56
Q

Risk, injury, failure, lost, end-stage kidney disease

A

RIFLE classification

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57
Q

– Urine output less than 400 mL/day
– Occurs within 1 to 7 days after injury, and lasts 10 to 14 days
– Urinalysis may show cast, RBCs, and WBCs

A

Urinary changes during the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury

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58
Q

–fluid retention occurs which manifests as Standard black beans, abounding plus, Edema and HTN
- can lead to HF, pulmonary edema, pericardial/pleural effusions

A

Fluid volume changes in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury

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59
Q

– Serum bicarbonate drops

– Severe acidosis develops, which can cause Kussmaul respirations

A

Metabolic changes in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury

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60
Q

– Increased excretion of sodium can cause hyponatremia which can lead to cerebral edema

A

Sodium balance changes in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury

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61
Q

– Usually asymptomatic, but can cause ECG changes

A

Potassium changes (excess) in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury

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62
Q

Can cause leukocytosis

A

Hematologic changes during the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury

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63
Q

Causes elevated BUN and serum creatinine levels

A

Waste product accumulation during the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury

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64
Q

Can cause fatigue and difficulty concentrating, seizures, stupid or coma

A

Neurologic changes in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury

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65
Q

– Daily urine output is 1 to 3 L, but can reach five or more
– Monitor for hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypotension and dehydration
– Kidneys have recovered ability to excrete waste, but not concentrate in the urine

A

Diuretic phase of acute kidney injury

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66
Q

– May take up to 12 months for kidney function to stabilize

– Begins when GFR increases, and BUN and serum creatinine levels plateau and then decrease

A

Recovery phase of acute kidney injury

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67
Q

– Obtain a thorough history, serum creatinine levels, urinalysis, kidney ultrasound, renal scan, CT scan, and/or renal biopsy

A

Diagnostic studies for acute kidney injury

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68
Q

– MRI, and MRA with gadolinium contrast media because it is nephrotoxic and can cause contrast induced neuropathy (CIN)

A

Contraindicated diagnostic studies for acute kidney injury

69
Q

– Eliminate the cause
– Manage signs and symptoms
– Prevent complications

A

Primary goals for the patient with acute kidney injury

70
Q

– Ensure adequate intravascular volume and cardiac output by forcing fluids, and administering diuretics
– Closely monitor fluid intake during oliguric phase

A

Collaborative care for the patient with acute kidney injury

71
Q

All losses for the previous 24 hours +600 mL

A

General rule for calculating fluid restriction

72
Q

– Administer insulin and sodium bicarbonate
– Calcium gluconate
–sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

A

Managing hyperkalemia in a patient with acute kidney injury

73
Q

– Volume overload, elevated potassium level, metabolic acidosis, BUN higher than 120, significant change in mental status, pericarditis, pericardial effusion, or cardiac Tamponade

A

Indications for renal replacement therapy (RRT)

74
Q

– Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
– Intermittent hemodialysis (HD)
– Continuous renal replacement therapy which includes cannulation of an artery and vein (CRRT)

A

Types of renal replacement therapy

75
Q

– Maintain adequate caloric intake primarily from carbs and protein
– Restrict sodium
– Increase dietary fat
– Consider enteral nutrition

A

Managing nutritional therapy in the patient with acute kidney injury

76
Q

– Measure VS, I/O, examine urine, general appearance, observe dialysis access site, assess LOC, oral Mucosa, LS, heart rhythm, lab values, and Dx test results

A

Nursing assessment for the patient with acute kidney injury

77
Q 
– Excess fluid volume
– Risk for infection
– Fatigue
– Anxiety
– Potential complication: dysrhythmia
A

Nursing diagnoses for the patient with acute kidney injury

78
Q

The patient will
– Recover without any loss of kidney function
– Maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance
– Have decreased anxiety
– Comply with and understand the need for follow-up care

A

Planning for the patient with acute kidney injury

79
Q

– Identify and monitor populations at high risk
– Control exposure to nephrotoxic drugs
– Prevent prolong episodes of hypotension and hypovolemia

A

Health promotion/nursing implementation for the patient with acute kidney injury

80
Q

– Monitor I/O, electrolyte balance, daily weight, replace significant fluid loss, provide diuretic therapy for fluid overload, use nephrotoxic drugs sparingly

A

Health promotion/nursing implementation for the patient with acute kidney injury

81
Q

Obtain accurate I/O, daily weights, assess for signs of hypervolemia or hypovolemia, Maintain a septic technique, careful administration of nephrotoxic drugs, skin care measures, and mouth care

A

Acute intervention for the patient with acute kidney injury

82
Q

– Regulate protein and potassium intake
– Stress importance of follow-up care
- Provide teaching
– Make appropriate referrals

A

Ambulatory/home care for the patient with acute kidney injury

83
Q 
– polypharmacy
– Hypotension
– Diuretic therapy
– Aminoglycoside therapy
– Obstructive disorders
– Surgery
- Infection
A

Gerontologic considerations/people more susceptible to acute kidney injury

84
Q

Progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function

A

Chronic kidney disease

85
Q

Defined as kidney damage, due to pathologic abnormalities, or markers of damage, and A glomerular filtration rate of under 60 for three months or longer

A

Chronic kidney disease

86
Q

Described as a GFR of under 15

Dialysis or transplant required to maintain life

A

End-stage kidney disease

87
Q

Diabetes and hypertension

A

Leading causes of end-stage kidney disease

88
Q

Often occurs when the GFR is under 10

Signs and symptoms seen in various systems throughout the body

A

Uremia

89
Q

– Polyuria resulting from the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, most often seen at night, specific gravity fixed around 1.010
– Oliguria as disease worsens
– Anuria with a urine output of under 40 ML’s in 24 hours

A

Urinary system clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease

90
Q

– Waste product accumulation as GFR decreases and BUN and serum creatinine levels increase
– Cause and/V, lethargy, fatigue, impaired thought processes, and headaches

A

Metabolic disturbances due to chronic kidney disease

91
Q

– Caused by impaired glucose metabolism from cellular in sensitivity to normal action of insulin

A

Altered carbohydrate metabolism due to chronic kidney disease

92
Q

– Less insulin is required after onset

A

Defective carbohydrate metabolism due to chronic kidney disease

93
Q
  • Hyperinsulinemia produces triglycerides

- altered lipid metabolism caused by a decreased level of enzyme lipoprotein lipase

A

Elevated triglyceride levels due to chronic kidney disease

94
Q
  • Most serious electrolyte disorder in kidney disease can cause PVCs V fib and other arrhythmias
  • Symptoms include muscle cramps, weakness, and diarrhea
A

Hyperkalemia due to chronic kidney disease

95
Q
  • Maybe elevated, low, or normal
  • because impaired secretion sodium may be retained causing water to be retained causing edema hypertension or heart failure
A

sodium in balances caused by chronic kidney disease

96
Q

Calcium and phosphate and magnesium alterations

A

Other electrolyte imbalance is caused by chronic kidney disease

97
Q

Results from inability of kidneys to excrete acid load, primarily ammonia, And effective reinsertion of bicarbonate

A

Metabolic acidosis caused by chronic kidney disease

98
Q

Anemia Due to decreased production of erthyropoietin
Bleeding tendencies due to a defect in platelet function
Infection due to changes in white blood cell production, altered immune response, and diminished inflammatory response

A

Hematologic system alterations caused by chronic kidney disease

99
Q

Can cause hypertension, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral edema, dysrhythmias, uremic pericarditis

A

Cardiovascular system changes due to chronic kidney disease

100
Q

Can cause Kussmaul respirations and dyspnea with fluid overload, pulmonary edema, uremic pleuritis, and respiratory infections

A

Respiratory system changes with chronic kidney disease

101
Q

Excess of urea in the G.I. system causes mucosal ulcerations, stomatitis, urine is odor of breath, G.I. bleeding, a/n/v and constipation

A

G.I. system affects due to chronic kidney disease

102
Q

Caused by increased nitrogenous waste products, electrolyte imbalance is, metabolic acidosis, atrophy, demyelination of nerve fibers

A

Neurologic system changes due to chronic kidney disease

103
Q

Restless leg syndrome, muscle twitching, irritability, decreased ability to concentrate, and peripheral neuropathy’s, altered mental ability, seizures, coma, and dialysis and cephalopathy

A

Neurological changes due to chronic kidney disease

104
Q

Systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism resulting in skeletal complications such as osteomalacia and osteitis fibrosa, and vascular calcifications

A

Chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder

105
Q

Puritis and uremic frost

A

Integumentary system changes due to chronic kidney disease

106
Q

Infertility, decreased libido, low sperm counts, and sexual dysfunction

A

Reproductive changes due to chronic kidney disease

107
Q

Personality and behavioral changes, emotional lability, withdrawal, depression

A

Psychological changes due to chronic kidney disease

108
Q

H&P, dipstick evaluation, albumin to creatinine ratio of using the first morning void, GFR, renal ultrasonography, renal scan, CT scan, renal biopsy

A

Diagnostic tests used for chronic kidney disease

109
Q

Preserve existing kidney function, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, prevent complications, and provide for the patients comfort

A

Overall goals for the patient with chronic kidney disease

110
Q

Correction of fluid volume overload or deficit, nutritional therapy, erythropoietin therapy, calcium supplementation, and phosphate binders, antihypertensive therapy, measures to lower potassium, adjustment of drug dosages to degree of renal function

A

Conservative therapy for chronic kidney disease

111
Q

IV insulin
10% IV calcium gluconate
Kayexalate that exchanges potassium for sodium

A

Treatment of hyperkalemia in the chronic kidney disease patient

112
Q

Weight loss, lifestyle changes, diet recommendations, sodium and fluid restriction, antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, calcium channel blocker’s, Ace inhibitors , and arb agents

A

Treatment of hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease

113
Q

Phosphate not restricted until patient requires renal replacement therapy then restricted to less than 1000 mg per day
Mega phosphate binders including calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, and Renagel

A

Treatment of the patient with mineral bone disease in chronic kidney disease

114
Q

Should be administered with each meal and can cause constipation

A

Phosphate binders

115
Q

Calcitriol, that can only be given after phosphate level is lowered

A

Supplementing vitamin D for the patient with chronic kidney disease

116
Q

Calcimimetic agents which increased sensitivity of calcium receptors and parathyroid glands
Subtotal parathyroidectomy

A

Controlling secondary hyperparathyroidism in the patient with chronic kidney disease – mineral bone disease

117
Q

Treat with erythropoietin including Epogen or Procrit or darbepoetin alfa administered IV or sub q
Can cause hypertension

A

Erythropoietin replacement for anemia in the chronic kidney disease patient

118
Q

Given if plasma ferritin level is less than 100, can cause gastric irritation or constipation and may make stool darker in color

A

Iron supplements to treat anemia in the chronic kidney disease patient

119
Q

Needed for RBC formation, and removed by dialysis

A

Folic acid supplements to treat anemia in the chronic kidney disease patient

120
Q

– Protein, sodium, potassium, phosphate and water restriction

A

Nutritional therapy for the chronic kidney disease patient

121
Q

Complete history of any renal disease, and family history, long-term health problems, and dietary habits

A

Nursing assessment for the patient with chronic kidney disease

122
Q

Excess fluid volume, risk for electrolyte imbalance, risk for injury, and in balanced nutrition less than body requirements

A

Nursing diagnoses for the patient with chronic kidney disease

123
Q

Demonstrate knowledge and ability to comply with regimen, participate in decision-making, demonstrate effective coping strategies, and continue with ADLs within physiologic limitations

A

Overall goals for the patient with chronic kidney disease

124
Q

Identify patients at risk for KCG those with a history of renal disease, hypertension, DM, or repeated UTIs
encourage regular check ups and changes in urinary appearance frequency and volume should be reported

A

Health promotion for the patient with chronic kidney disease

125
Q

Obtain daily weight and BP, identify symptoms of fluid overload, and hyperkalemia, enforce dietary adherence

A

Acute intervention of the patient with chronic kidney disease

126
Q

Consider hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation when conservative therapy is no longer an option, and give clear explanation to’s to family

A

Ambulatory and home care for the patient with chronic kidney disease

127
Q

Medication teaching and motivation in management of their disease

A

Acute intervention for the chronic kidney disease patient

128
Q

Used when patients uremia can no longer be adequately managed conservatively or when GFR is less than 15

A

Dialysis

129
Q

Peritoneal access is Obtained by inserting a catheter through the anterior down the wall done via surgery
Sterile dressing applied after
Connected to the stereo tubing system and secured to the abdomen with tape
Catheter is irrigated immediately

A

Peritoneal dialysis initiation

130
Q

7 to 14 days

A

Amount of time before dialysis is started after catheter is inserted

131
Q

Solution must be warmed to body temperature

A

For peritoneal dialysis

132
Q

Inflow, dwell and drain referred to as an exchange

A

Three phases of peritoneal dialysis

133
Q

Prescribed amount of solution is infused over about 10 minutes

A

Inflow

134
Q

Also known as equalibriation, amount of time depends on the method

A

Dwell

135
Q

Lasts 15 to 30 minutes, and maybe facilitated by a gentle massage of the abdomen or changing position

A

Drain

136
Q

Cycler delivers the diasylate and controls Fill, dwell and drain time

A

Automated peritoneal dialysis or APD

137
Q

Manual exchange

A

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or CAPD

138
Q

Exit site infection, peritonitis, and hernias, lower back problems, bleeding, pulmonary complications, protein loss

A

Complications of peritoneal dialysis

139
Q

Short training program, independence, ease of traveling, if you were dietary restrictions, greater mobility than with HD

A

Advantages of peritoneal dialysis

140
Q

AV fistula us and graphs, and temporary vascular access

A

Hemodialysis vascular access sites

141
Q

Long plastic cartridges that contain thousands of parallel hollow tubes or fibers that are semi permeable membrane

A

Dialyzers

142
Q

Two needles placed in fistula or graft
one line used to pull blood from the circulation to the HD machine and the other used to return it to the patient
Lines are primed with saline solution and terminated with saline solution
Needles are removed and firm pressure is applied

A

Hemodialysis procedure

143
Q

complete assessment of fluid status, condition of access, temperature, skin condition

A

Nursing considerations before starting hemodialysis

144
Q

Alert to changes in condition, monitor vital signs every 30 to 60 minutes

A

Nursing considerations during hemodialysis

145
Q

Hypotension, muscle cramps, loss of blood, hepatitis

A

Hemodialysis complications

146
Q

Primary causes glomerular nephritis

A

Nephrotic syndrome

147
Q

Causes Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, edema, and ascites leading to hypovolemia

A

Manifestations of nephrotic syndrome

148
Q

Caused by increased glomerular permeability to plasma protein, resulting in mass of urinary protein loss
Can be primary or secondary

A

Nephrotic syndrome

149
Q

Glomerulonephritis, DM, lupus, amylodoses, hepatitis B, CA, leukemia, preeclampsia, allergic reactions, and medication reactions

A

Common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults

150
Q

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hypercholesterolemia, anemia, waxy pallor, anorexia, malaise, irritability, amenorrhea, low serum albumin, urine may contain casts, fat bodies, protein and RBCs

A

Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome

151
Q

Anorexic, irritable, less active due to fatigue, and slow weight gain

A

Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome in children

152
Q

Reduce excretion of urinary protein, reduce fluid retention, prevent infection, and minimize complications

A

Goals for the patient with nephrotic syndrome

153
Q

Low-sodium diet during periods of edema, normal protein intake, potassium may be restricted

A

Dietary considerations for the patient with nephrotic syndrome

154
Q

Luke diuretics, Plasma Volume expanders, Steroids, indomethacin, anticoagulation, antiplatelet agents

A

Pharmacologic management of nephrotic syndrome or

155
Q

Occurs 2 to 4 times a year triggered by viruses, allergies, bacterial infections, and immunizations

A

Relapse of nephrotic syndrome in children

156
Q

Relapse, infection, and circulatory insufficiency

A

Complications of nephrotic syndrome

157
Q

Peritonitis, cellulitis, and pneumonia

A

Infectious complications of nephrotic syndrome

158
Q

Hypovolemia and thromboembolism cause

A

Circulatory insufficiency

159
Q

Maintain fluid balance, assess for Adema, that rest during severe edema, avoid infection, monitor vital signs

A

Nursing care for the patient with nephrotic syndrome

160
Q

Caused by an amino logic reaction to antigens usually strep

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

161
Q

Cause the circulatory congestion

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

162
Q

Hematuria with RBC casts, proteinuria, fever, chills, weakness, pallor, anorexia, and/V, mild generalized edema - periorbital , Headache, hypertension, visual disturbances, abdominal and flank pain due to kidney a Dema, Alegria or an area

A

Symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis

163
Q

Elevated ASO tighter and c reactive protein
Hematuria and proteinuria
Low urine pH
Mid to high normal range specific gravity
Elevated BUN and creatinine levels
Decreased creatinine clearance, HGb, and HCT

A

Diagnostic tests for acute glomerulonephritis

164
Q

Bed rest until proteinuria hematuria and hypertension subside
Sodium and were fluid restriction, and loop diuretic therapy to treat edema
Antihypertensives or diuretics to treat hypertension
Antibiotics to treat strep infection
Steroids
Plasmapheresis
Dietary protein restriction

A

Medical management of acute glomerulonephritis

165
Q

History of recent URI, skin infection, or history of glomerulonephritis, lupus, or any invasive procedure

A

Assessment of the patient with suspected acute glomerulonephritis

166
Q

High calorie, low-protein diet, low-sodium

A

Nutrition interventions for the patient with acute glomerulonephritis

167
Q

Daily weight, I/O, measurements of edematous parts, fluid restriction

A

Fluid volume interventions for the patient with acute glomerulonephritis

168
Q

Protect from obvious infection, and monitor immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapy

A

Preventing infection in the patient with acute glomerulonephritis

169
Q

Decreased kidney function, decreased GFR, decreased urine output, fever, hypertension

A

Symptoms of transplant rejection

170
Q

Increased risk of malignancy, carpal see sarcoma, decreased immune response, cardiac complications, steroid complications including the process of hip or knee, DM

A

Complications of

Renal (1 decks)

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