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ANAT + PHYS (9610) > UNIT 7: External Ear and Middle Ear > Flashcards

UNIT 7: External Ear and Middle Ear Flashcards

1
Q

3 transduction/transmission parts of hearing

A

transduction of sound from acoustical energy to mechanical energy

transduction of mechanical energy into electrochemical energy

transmission and interpretation of electrochemically produced siganl

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2
Q

the ear is a structure that houses the….

A

vestibulocochlear organs for senses of equilibrium and hearing

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3
Q

3 divisions of ear

A

external ear
middle ear
inner ear

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4
Q

main function of the external/outer ear

A

gathering and conducting sound to tympanic membrane

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5
Q

external outer ear includes

A

auricle and concha
external auditory meatus

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6
Q

lower animals have an advantage w their external ear

A

can control position of auricles to capture sound using auricular muscles (innervated by CN VII)

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7
Q

Most visible part of hearing apparatus

A

auricle/pinna

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8
Q

auricle/pinna are made of…. and attached to the ….

A

flexible, thin elastic cartilage core = auricular cartilage

attached to skull around opening of external auditory meatus by muscles and ligaments

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9
Q

cartilaginous core of pinna is continuous w ______

A

cartilaginous portion of EA

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10
Q

structures of auricle/pinna are constant despite…

A

genetic variation in shape and size

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11
Q

auricle/pinna reaches adult size by

A

9-12 years

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12
Q

external auditory meatus is ____ in length, from ____ to _____, roughly ____ shaped in path

A

2.5 cm
concha to tympanic membrane
S shaped

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13
Q

external auditory meatus’s lateral 1/3 is _____ and medial 2/3 is ____

A

cartilaginous
bony

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14
Q

bony portion of EAM diameter is slightly ____ then cartilaginous portion, _____ end is sloped, EAM has its own _____ characteristics

A

less then cartilaginous portion

medial

resonant

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15
Q

EAM’s bony portion has a narrow concentric groove called

A

tympanic sulcus

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16
Q

tympanic membrane is a ____ and ____ membrane, ___mm in diameter - separates the ___ from _____

A

thin and oval
10 mm
external ear from tympanic cavity

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17
Q

differences in lengths of roof and floor of EAM put the TM in an _______

A

oblique position

angle formed bw TM and floor of the EAM is about 55’

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18
Q

under the light the tympanic membrane has a

A

glistening pearly grey appearance

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19
Q

bc of the TM’s concavity and oblique orientation the anterior/inferior quadrant…

A

glows brightly and is called the cone of light

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20
Q

TM is _____, w its center point called the ____

A

concave
umbo

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21
Q

TM is semitransparent - the outline of the _____

A

handle of malleus (attached to medial surface) can be seen extending upwards and forwards

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22
Q

two regions of the TM are

A

pars flaccida and pars tensa

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23
Q

malleolar fold in the TM is

A

created by ligament attaching lateral process of malleus to TM

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24
Q

the TM is attached to the tympanic sulcus of the EAM by

A

a fibrous ring = annular ligament - aka a circular ring of CT …. annular meaning it runs all the way around

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25
annular ligament has ____ CT in the region of the pars flaccida and ____ CT in region of the pars tensa
sparse CT fibrous CT
26
TM is a trilaminar membrane, its 3 layers are
lateral surface = continuous w skin of EAM middle layer = core of fibrous CT inner (medial) layer = continuous w mucosa of TM
27
the skin covering the auricle and lining the ear canal and lateral surface of the TM is .... what is found in this skin?
closely attaches to underlying cartilage and bone hair follicles, sebaceous and ceruminous glands - cerumen (ear wax) formed from glandular secretions entraps foreign particles, protecting the hearing apparatus
28
concha and pinna are innervated by
facial nerve VII Auricular branch of vagus X glossopharyngeal IX
29
EAM and external TM innervated by
facial nerve VII auricular branch of vagus X auriculotemporal branch of mandibular nerve (V3)
30
why is the ear innervated by so many CNs?
its important rly wanna be able to feel foreign particles
31
otitis externa is .... caused by ...
inflammation of the skin of the external ear swelling is v painful - inc tension on the epithelium that is tightly bound to underlying cartilage or bone bacterial infection following trauma or abrasion viral infection, including herpes zoster trauma - destruction cartilaginous infrastructure
32
tympanic cavity is
the space w/i the petrous portion of the temporal bone
33
the tympanic cavity contains the ossicles which
transmit sound vibrations from TM to the inner ear mechanism
34
Tympanic cavity is lined w ... communicates with ....
mucous membrane communicates w nasopharynx by eustachian tube communicates w mastoid air cells by mastoid antrum
35
tympanic cavity can be divided into 2 parts
tympanic cavity proper - lies opposite the tympanic membrane epitympanic recess (attic) - part of the tympanic cavity above the limits of the TM - head of malleus and most of the incus are w/i the epitympanic recess
36
size of the tympanic cavity - which dimension is smallest?
very small cavity approx 2 cm cubed vertical 15mm ant/post 15mm transverse (lat/med) = 6mm superiorly, 2mm opposite umbo of TM
37
tympanic cavity can be thought as a ___ sided ___
6 sided box floor, roof, anterior wall, posterior wall, medial wall, lateral wall
38
what are the walls of the tympanic cavity made of
all walls are bony except the lateral wall, which is the tympanic membrane
39
floor of the tympanic cavity is the ... and contains the ...
jugular wall thin plate of bone overlying the jugular fossa contains the tympanic canaliculus - near the medial wall
40
roof of the tympanic cavity is the .... also called the.... directly above the roof is the
tegmental wall thin plate of bone called tegmen tympani middle cranial fossa
41
the anterior wall is relatively small because
the roof and floor slope toward each toher
42
the upper most structure of the anterior wall is the
canal of the tensor tympani muscle
43
tensor tympani m is enclosed in
a bony canal above the eustachian tube - separated by a thin shelf of bone called processes cochleariformis
44
opening of the eustachian tube into the tympanic cavity is located
just below the tensor tympani m on anterior wall
45
on the anterior wall is the _____ fissure, where ______ of CN VII exits the tympanic cavity
petrotympanic fissure chorda tympani
46
Tubes placed in ear if there is a faulty eustachian tube …. where is it placed and why?
middle ear is filled with air because of the eustachian tube, so if this tube is not functioning the air cannot be maintained, mucous may build up …. need another tube to equivalize pressure, so they put a tube through the pars tensa so that they can equalize this pressure and maintain air in the middle ear skin of TM will grow around it and eventually tube will need to be replaced
47
the posterior wall is _____ and its lower portion is made of _____
incomplete bone
48
upper portion of the posterior wall consists of
an opening called the aditus through which the tympanic cavity is in communication w the mastoid antrum and mastoid air cells
49
mastoid air cells
series of communicating mucosa-lined air filled spaces located w/i the mastoid part of the temporal bone assist in pressure equalization w/i the TC
50
pyramidal eminence is ....and is located on ....
a conical projection of bone near the junction w the medial wall - on posterior wall tho close to oval window
51
stapedius m is enclosed in....
the pyramidal eminence - tendon passes from the pyramid to the neck of the stapes
52
posterior canaliculus is on the .... what enters through it?
posterior wall - near supero-posterior edge of TM chorda tympani of CN VII enters TC thru it
53
what is the lateral wall
TM w attached handle of malleus chorda tympani crosses the upper part of the TM along its course from the posterior wall to its exit on the anterior wall
54
median wall is also called the _____ wall and forms the ____ surface of the inner ear
labyrinthine wall lateral surface
55
surface of the median wall is
furrowed and lodges the nerves of the tympanic plexus (CN IX fibres that provide sensory inn of middle ear)
56
the promontory is ... and is located on...
prominent buldge that is formed by the basal turn of the cochlea of the inner ear on median wall
57
fenestra vestibuli aka oval window is located ..... and leads to/is closed by
on median wall above and behind promontory leads to scala vestibuli of the inner ear closed/covered by the base or footplate of the stapes
58
fenestra cochleae aka the round window is located ... and is closed by...
median wall located below and posterior to promontory end of scala tympani of inner ear closed by the secondary tympanic membrane
59
processes cochleariformis is located on ... it is a ... what tendon is involved
the median wall thin curled ledge of bone that separates the canal for the tensor tympani muscle from the bony part of the eustachian tube tendon of the tensor tympani m lies on this bony shelf prior to turning and inserting on the handle of the malleus
60
how are the ossicles held in the TC?
suspended via 8 ligaments - the joints are synovial
61
the ossicles are ... and transmit...
3 bones that form a chain across the TC malleus, incus, stapes transmit sound vibrations
62
malleus attaches to ____, incus articulates with ___ and _____, stapes attaches to _______
TM Incus w/ malleus and stapes stapes attaches to fenestra vestibuli
63
since the malleus, incus, stapes are connected via synovial joints that means
they are subject to all probs associated w synovial joints like arthritis
64
describe dev of ossicles
reach final size and are completely ossified at birth
65
tensor tympani: O, I, A, Inn
O = cartilage of eustachian tube and adjoining greater wing of sphenoid I = tendon inserts onto upper end of manubrium of the malleus A = tenses the tympanic membrane by drawing the malleus medially Inn = CN V
66
stapedius: O, I, A, Inn
O = internal walls of pyramidal eminence on posterior wall of tympanic cavity I = neck of stapes, via stapedius tendon A = rotates stapes posteriorly (prevents excessive oscillations) Inn = CN VII (stapedial branch)
67
describe the acoustic reflex
stapedius muscle applies a force to footplate of stapes, reducing amplitude of footplate's movement, reducing sound pressure level reaching cochlea stimulation of either ear results in response in both ears
68
the acoustic reflex is a basic protective mechanism for the cochlea as it
is triggered by loud sounds (>85 dB SPL) attenuates intensity of own speech most effective for low frequencies
69
the eustachian tube provides...
communication bw TC and nasopharynx
70
the eustachian tube is about ___ cm long, has a ____ and ____ part
3.5 cm bony and cartilaginous
71
the eustachian tube allows for.... describe opening/closing
allows for aeration of the middle ear sys and clears mucous from the ME into the nasopharynx opening = equalizes pressure in the ME w atmospheric pressure, thereby permitting free movement of the TM closing = protects ME from pressure fluctuations and loud sounds
72
whats the bad part of having a eustachian tube.... how is this avoided?
inadvertently forms passageway for infections to travel from nasopharynx to middle ear mucocilliary action drains mucous away from ME into NP, in attempts to prevent infection from travelling up into ME
73
in infants the ET is ____ long, and is more _____
18 mm more horizontal, less angulated
74
in adults the ET is ____ long, direct ____ and _____ from ME
36 mm directed downward and forward, medially
75
as orientation of the ET changes during dev, it....
dec the likelihood for bacteria to pass from NP to ME
76
lateral 1/3 of ET is ____ and medial 2/3 of ET is ____
bony cartilaginous
77
describe the bony part of the ET
arises from anterior wall of the TC passes thru petrous portion of temporal bone opens on the base of the skull bw the petrous bone and sphenoid bone
78
describe the cartilaginous part of the ET
lateral end joins bony portion at petrous bone lumen is roughly triangular in shape wider medial end opens into the mucosa of the NP; end of cartilaginous tube raises the mucosa to form the tubal elevation aka torus tubaris lined w resp epi (columnar ciliated cells, mucous glands)
79
4 muscles originate from the ET
tensor veli palatinin levator veli palatini tensor tympani salpinogopharyngeus m
80
which muscles open the cartilaginous part of the ET
tensor veli palatini (does most of the work) levator veli palatini tensor tympani
81
which muscle helps to close the ET
salpingopharyngeus m
82
otitis media is....
any condition in which fluid accumulates in the middle ear ET does not allow equalization of pressure bw ME and enviro relative neg pressure can dev in ME serous fluid is drawn into the ME from the blood of the ME tissues, and mucous secretion can also be stimulated from ME tissues may need tube in TM

ANAT + PHYS (9610) (21 decks)

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