unit 7 PGU ppt Flashcards

(25 cards)

1
Q

What are the upper airways of the pulmonary system?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Larynx

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2
Q

What are the lower airways of the pulmonary system?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

What are the gas-exchange airways in the pulmonary system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveoli

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4
Q

What types of epithelial cells are found in the alveoli?

A

Type I alveolar cells (alveolar structure), Type II alveolar cells (surfactant production), Macrophages (immune protection)

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the pulmonary system?

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Nutrients to lung tissue
  • Reservoir for left ventricle
  • Filtering system (clots, air, and debris)
  • Lower pressure than systemic circulation
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6
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation structure?

A

Pulmonary artery divides and enters the lung at the hila, each bronchus and bronchiole has an accompanying artery or arteriole

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7
Q

What comprises the alveolocapillary membrane?

A

Shared alveolar and capillary walls

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8
Q

What is the primary function of bronchial circulation?

A

Moistens inspired air, provides nutrients to airways, large pulmonary vessels, lymph nodes, and membranes around the lung

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9
Q

What are the major muscles involved in inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostals
  • Accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles)
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10
Q

What are the mechanics of breathing?

A
  • Ventilation of the lungs
  • Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood
  • Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
  • Diffusion of oxygen from systemic capillaries into the cells
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11
Q

What is the normal ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

0.8

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12
Q

What are the determinants of arterial oxygenation?

A
  • Hemoglobin binding
  • Oxygen saturation
  • Oxyhemoglobin association and dissociation
  • Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
  • Bohr effect
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13
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Increased carbon dioxide concentration in arterial blood

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14
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood

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15
Q

What is aspiration?

A

Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs

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16
Q

What are the types of atelectasis?

A
  • Compression atelectasis
  • Obstructive (absorption) atelectasis
  • Surfactant impairment (adhesive) atelectasis
17
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A

Acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury resulting from injury or severe inflammation

18
Q

What are the phases of ARDS?

A
  • Exudative (within 72 hours)
  • Proliferative (4 to 21 days)
  • Fibrotic (14 to 21 days)
19
Q

What are the manifestations of ARDS?

A
  • Dyspnea and hypoxemia despite supplemental oxygen
  • Hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis
  • Decreased tissue perfusion, metabolic acidosis, and organ dysfunction
20
Q

What characterizes asthma?

A

Chronic inflammation of the airways causing bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction, and reversible airflow obstruction

21
Q

What are the risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A
  • Tobacco smoke
  • Occupational dusts and chemicals
  • Air pollution
  • Factors affecting lung growth during gestation and childhood
22
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough lasting at least 3 months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years

23
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis

24
Q

What is viral croup?

A

Common in children from 6 months to 5 years, usually caused by parainfluenza, characterized by subglottic inflammation and edema

25
What is cystic fibrosis?
Autosomal recessive inherited disease affecting the lungs, digestive tract, and reproductive organs, leading to mucus plugging and chronic inflammation