Unit I - Immune System (Part 1)

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

body’s first line of defense to prevent entry of pathogens; present at birth

Question 2

2 basic systems of innate immunity

Answer 2

1. skin/mucosal barriers

2. inflammatory response

Question 3

acquired immunity

Answer 3

body’s immune system to recognize and inactivate foreign substances without injury to other host tissue

• occurs after exposure to a foreign substance after birth
  ex) breast feeding, infections

Question 4

innate immunity also utilizes

Answer 4

natural killer (NK) lymphocytes

Question 5

function of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes

Answer 5

surveillance
recognize abnormal cells and kills them
secrete performs and Granenzymes

Question 6

factors that activate natural killer (NK) lymphocytes

Answer 6

cytokines, FcR molecule for Fc antibodies, FcR receptor (see pg 12)

Question 7

cells for defense - foreign invaders

Answer 7

T and B lymphocytes

Question 8

passive immunity

Answer 8

acquired by receiving antibodies from another person

ex) breast feeding and vaccines
* quick/effective but temporary

Question 9

active immunity

Answer 9

resistance that occurs as a result of contact with the foreign body itself

ex) infection
* slow onset, but long term

Question 10

3 steps of the immune response

Answer 10

1. recognition
2. elimination
3. resolution

Question 11

any foreign body is referred to as an

Answer 11

antigen (high molecular weight, usually a protein)

Question 12

Haptens

Answer 12

act as antigens, but smaller molecular weight that binds to a large protein carrier

Question 13

antigens are determined by their

Answer 13

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - genetic cell marker (in humans located on 6th chromosome)

Question 14

MHC determines

Answer 14

epitopes - surface antigens

• located on cell surface
• recognized as “foreign”
• allows immune recognition

Question 15

antigenic recognition: Dissemination (2 routes)

Answer 15

1. lymphatic system

2. blood vascular system

Question 16

lymphatic system process

Answer 16

• antigen is taken to lymph nodes and sequestered
• stimulate “naive” lymphocytes –> release cytokine called transfer factor (TF), –> effector lymphocytes produced –> sensitized memory lymphocytes produced, immune response initiated

Question 17

Phase 2 (elimination) 2 components

Answer 17

1. cell mediated immunity response

2. humoral immunity response

Question 18

cell mediated response works from ___ and the humeral response works from ____

Answer 18

T-lymphocytes that are “thymic educated”

B-lymphocytes

Question 19

cell mediated response pathway

Answer 19

antigen reacts with the CD4 helper T lymphocytes, which are activated and release lymphokines. these activate CD8 (cytotoxic) lymphocytes, which become macrophages and release perforins, which cause the antigen to break down

Question 20

humeral mediated pathway

Answer 20

antigen reacts with B-lymph and CD4 helper T lymphocytes are activated and release lymphokines. B-lymph forms plasma cells, which produce antibodies, activated immune complement system (soluble mediator), terminates in formation of Membrane Attack Complex, which forms transmembrane channels

Question 21

immune complement system function - goal 1

Answer 21

forms membrane attack complex (MAC) - forms transmembrane channels that disrupts the cell membrane
lysis (destruction) of the foreign body

Question 22

immune complement system function - goal 2

Answer 22

opsonization of the antigen - complement fragments and antibodies coat the antigen; antigen phagocytized by macrophages

Question 23

order of anitbody formation

Answer 23

• IgM, IgG, IgA

Question 24

antibodies

Answer 24

proteins produced by plasma cells to combat a specific foreign agent

Question 25

the proteins are called

Answer 25

immunoglobulins

Question 26

IgG

Answer 26

80% of antibodies in circulating fluids, most abundant

Question 27

IgM

Answer 27

usually first immunoglobulin to be produced, may be an IgG precursor

Question 28

IgA

Answer 28

attached to mucosal surfaces

Question 29

IgE

Answer 29

attached to mast cells, mediates allergies, reaction to parasites *strongest immune reactions

Question 30

IgD

Answer 30

- activates young B cells sequestered in the spleen | - usually used with IgM

Question 31

L chains

Answer 31

- depend on amino acid sequence, but are not considered in classifying the antibody kappa - 65% lambda - 35%

Question 32

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Answer 32

- bone marrow failure - not making platelets or WBCs - prone to infection and internal bleeding - pre leukemia

Question 33

L chains may appear in the urine as

Answer 33

Bence Jones Protein (BJP) in multiple myeloma

Question 34

myeloproliferative diseases

Answer 34

- too many plasma cells | - blood too sticky, too viscous

Question 35

multiple myeloma

Answer 35

- malignant cancer of bone marrow - over production of plasma B cells, immunoglobulins - blood hyper viscosity (stains the heart) - sometimes characterized by acronym CRAB

Question 36

CRAB

Answer 36

``` C = blood calcium (elevated) R = renal failure A = anemia B = bone lesions ```

Question 37

Waldenstrom's macroglobulenemia

Answer 37

(same as multiple myeloma but no bone destruction) - B cells and IgM are overproduced - grows in lymph nodes - males 50+, may show monoclonal peak

Question 38

Waldenstrom's macroglobulenemia treatment

Answer 38

- plasmapheresis | - progressive, 6.5 years survival