Unit II Fat Synthesis

Question 1

What are the two glucose transporters for getting it into a cell?

Answer 1

Sodium independent glucosetransporters (GLUT) and sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

Question 2

Of the two glucose transporters which one requires ATP?

Answer 2

SGLT

Question 3

Which glucose transporter trasnports against the gradient?

Answer 3

SGLT

Question 4

In what tissue will GLUT4 be most present?

Answer 4

Muscle tissue

Question 5

In what tissue will GLUT2 be most present?

Answer 5

Liver tissue

Question 6

What hormone is GLUT4 regulated by?

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

Which GLUT transporter only deals with glucose?

Answer 7

GLUT4

Question 8

Which GLUT transporter will carry glucose, galactose, and fructose?

Answer 8

GLUT2

Question 9

The transporter that works via facillitated diffusion

Answer 9

GLUT4

Question 10

Where does about 90% of insulin stimulated glucose uptake occur?

Answer 10

in skeletal muscle

Question 11

Exercise will stimulate the accumulation of which transporter for 1-2 hours post-exercise?

Answer 11

GLUT4

Question 12

Adding a phosphate to glucose in a muscle cell will allow what to happen?

Answer 12

That phosphate will help keep glucose concentrations low and for more glucose to keep flowing in

Question 13

What will happen to gluocse-6-phosphate in a muscle cell with a low energy charge?

Answer 13

G-6-P will run through glycolysis, a prep step, andkrebs and make more ATP

Question 14

What will happen to G-6-P when muscle glycogen is low?

Answer 14

G-6-P gets converted to glycogen

Question 15

In a muscle cell, if there is a lot of gycogen and energy, what will be inhibited?

Answer 15

PFK

Question 16

In a muscle cell, if G-6-P has accumulated, what will be inhibited?

Answer 16

hexokinase

Question 17

In a muscle cell, when glucose accumulates, what will be inhibited?

Answer 17

facillitated diffusion of glucose is inhibited

Question 18

If the muscle cell is full of glucose, where will the extra be sent to?

Answer 18

the liver

Question 19

In the liver, wht enzyme will setup glucose for use in building fat?

Answer 19

glucokinase

Question 20

What stimulates glucokinase?

Answer 20

insulin and fructose

Question 21

As G-6-P accumulates, would it inhibit glucokinase?

Answer 21

no it does not

Question 22

In what tissue would fructokinase and triokinase be most expressed?

Answer 22

the liver

Question 23

After running through the Fructose-1-Phosphate pathway, how will fructose enter glycolysis?

Answer 23

As glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G-3-P)

Question 24

In what tissue is the primary metabolism site of fructose?

Answer 24

the liver

Question 25

In what tissue is the primary site of fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 25

the liver

Question 26

What specific siteof a cell does fatty acid synthesis takeplace?

Answer 26

the cytosol

Question 27

What is the main coenzyme of fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 27

NADPH

Question 28

In order to get acetyl-CoA from the matrix into the cytosol, what must it be converted to?

Answer 28

citrate

Question 29

What enzyme combiones acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to make citrate?

Answer 29

citrate synthase

Question 30

What does citrate spilling into the cytosol signal?

Answer 30

high energy in the cell

Question 31

What enzyme creates OAA and acetyl- CoA from cytosolic citrate?

Answer 31

citrate lyase

Question 32

What enzyme creates Malonyl CoA from acetyl CoA?

Answer 32

acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)

Question 33

What coenzyme is required for ACC to run?

Answer 33

biotin

Question 34

Besides a coenzyme what else does the carboxylation of acetyl CoA require?

Answer 34

CO2 and ATP

Question 35

What is the rate limiting step of FA synthesis?

Answer 35

ACC

Question 36

In inactive form, what is ACC?

Answer 36

a protomer

Question 37

What inactivates ACC?

Answer 37

long chain fatty acid acyl CoA

Question 38

What compounds can phosphorylate and inactivate ACC?

Answer 38

AMPkinase and cAMP

Question 39

What hormone can activate ACC?

Answer 39

insulin

Question 40

List the inhibitors of ACC

Answer 40

malonyl CoA, palmitate, epinephrine, and glucaon

Question 41

List the stimulators of ACC

Answer 41

insulin and citrate

Question 42

What multienzyme complex will combine malonyl and acetyl?

Answer 42

Fatty acid synthase (FAS)

Question 43

What portion of FAS does the comining of malonyl and acetyl?

Answer 43

acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Question 44

To create Acetoacetyl-ACP, what enzyme will combine acetyl ACP and malonyl ACP?

Answer 44

Beta-ketoacyl-ACP SYNTHASE

Question 45

What enzyme will create D-3-Hydroxybutyryl-ACP from acetoacetyl-ACP?

Answer 45

Beta-Ketoacyl-ACP REDUCTASE

Question 46

What enzyme will createCrtonyl-ACP from D-3-Hydroxybutyryl-ACP?

Answer 46

Beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP DEHYDRASE

Question 47

What enzyme will create Butyryl-ACP from noyl-Crotonyl-ACP?

Answer 47

Enoyl-ACP REDUCTASE

Question 48

What is the final stepo of FA synthesis?

Answer 48

Palmitate (16:0)

Question 49

Which two steps of FAS will use NADPH?

Answer 49

the reduction steps

Question 50

What enzyme will release palmitate from FAS?

Answer 50

palmitoyl thioesterase

Question 51

The elongation of palmitate is accomplished by what enzyme?

Answer 51

elongases

Question 52

What coenzyme is required with elongase?

Answer 52

NADPH

Question 53

The desaturation and creation of a double bond in palmitate is accomplished by what enzyme?

Answer 53

desaturases