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Learning Psychology > Unit Six > Flashcards

Unit Six Flashcards

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1
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

The rule describing the delivery of reinforcement

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2
Q

Schedule effects

A

Refers to the pattern and rate of performance produced by s particular reinforcement schedule

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3
Q

Run rate def

A

The rate at which behavior occurs once it has begun

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4
Q

In ratio schedules reinforcement is contingent on

A

The number of times the behavior occurs -

Two types fixed and variable ratio

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5
Q

In interval schedules the reinforcement is contingent on

A

The behavior occurring after s given interval

Two types fixed snd variable

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6
Q

In a drl 10 schedule the effect of pressing s lever after 8 seconds is to

A

Reset the clock / delay reinforcement

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7
Q

In ft and vt schedules reinforcement is contingent on what

A

Time rather than behavior

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8
Q

Which is thinner out of fr3 and vr 4

A

Vr 4

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9
Q

The difference between multiple snd mixed schedules is

A

Multiple schedules there is a signal that the schedule has changed

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10
Q

Kassinove and schare study suggests near misses can serve as

A

Reinforcers

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11
Q

Could you stretch the ratio when a behavior is on an interval schedule

A

You could stretch the interval

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12
Q

State the matching law in own words

A

The rate of behavior matches or is proportional to the rate of reinforcement

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13
Q

The frustration and sequential hypothesis are both variations of what

A

The discrimination hypothesis

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14
Q

Continuous reinforcement
Especially common with
Not most common where

A

Simplest schedule
S behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs
The opposite is continuos extinction which is s non freinforcement
Very common and useful with shaping
Not the most common in nature

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15
Q

Intermittent schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs on some occasions but not others

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16
Q

Post reinforcement pauses def and occur with what

A

Pauses that follow reinforcement are common eith fixed ratios snd are not fatigue
The more work required the longer the pause
The size can also affect the pause

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17
Q

Ex fr schedule

A

Employees are paid on s fr schedule

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18
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

A behavior is reinforced only after occurring s fixed number of times

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19
Q

Variable ratio schedules

A

The number of behavior Ie lever presses varies around an average

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20
Q

Post reinforcement pauses in vr as compared to fr

A

The usually appear less often and for shorter times. Influenced by size of the average snd by the lowest ratio
Therefore produces more behavior per hour vs fr

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21
Q

Vr in nature ?

A

Common in nature. Ie a cheetah won’t capture prey every time but on an average to achieve the reward . Most predatory behavior

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22
Q

Vr in human life

A

Sales person on commission or casino gambling

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23
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforcement is dispensed following s behavior but only after the behavior occurs after s given period of time . Ex at time zero and first instance of behavior after five second

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24
Q

Post reinforcement pauses with fixed interval

A

Occur snd produce a scalloped shape curve. It begins pressing the lever long before it pays off and increases before the end of the interval

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25
Fixed interval in nature
Hard to come by. One example is with estrus
26
FI in humans
Bake bread in an oven Ex with midterms show little inclination at the start of the year and increasing more toward midterms and then it falls off until shortly before finals
27
Variable interval schedules
Reinforce s behavior around an interval average
28
Run rates of vi vs FI and vs fr and vr
Run rates of ratios are better than intervals and the vi better than FI
29
Ex of vi in nature and humans
Leopards wait in the grass for varying intervals until prey comes Human hunters wait too
30
Fixed duration or schedule
Reinforcement is contingent on the continuos performance of a behavior for a period of time . Ex child must play piano for thirty minutes
31
Variable duration
The required time varies around an average . There is no telling when the reinforcer will appear In some cases playing the piano becomes more reinforcing
32
Differential reinforcement of low rate and amount of behavior
Are required to not perform the task for a duration Can produce extremely low rates of behavior Can result in the development of superstitious behavior where they do something for the ten second
33
Drh schedule
Differential reinforcement of high rate requires that a behavior be performed a minimum number of times in s given period PRODUCE THE HIGHEST RATES OF BEHAVIOR
34
Two forms of schedules Noncontingent on behavior
Fixed time and variable time
35
Fixed time schedule
A reinforcer is delivered after a give period of time without regard for behavior . They do not need to do anything
36
Fixed time schedules not common where snd common where
Not common in snture snd only common in lab. Only thing is that maybe welfare checks
37
Variable time
Reinforcement is delivered periodically delivered at irregular intervals without regard for the organisms behavior This can also result in superstition ex sports teams winning sometime
38
Stretching the ratio
Increase the ratio through shaping by demanding more each time
39
Stretching the ratio in nature
Get the weak antelopes and the. The harder one take more time Humans may also see it with gambling
40
Ratio strain
Don't want to stretch it too rapidly because they start to break down why they might grumble about being overworked
41
Three variables that affect extinction
The effort the behavior requires Number of times the behavior was performed before The schedule of reinforcement prior to extinction
42
Partial reinforcement effect
Intermittent schedules are more resistant to extinction than continuos The thinner the reinforcement schedule before extinction the greater the number the lever presses during extinction
43
Discrimination hypothesis
Extinction takes longer after intermittent reinforcement because it is harder to discriminate between extinction snd intermittent schedule than with continuos reinforcement
44
Frustration hypothesis
Nonreinforcement is frustrating snd is aversive. Behavior on extinction creates frustration When it's intermittent there's period of non reinforcement snd frustration snd then pushing the lever while frustrated is a s+ which then reinforces lever pushing and frustration causing the outburst
45
Sequential hypothesis
Attributes the pre or differences in the sequence of cues during training . In continuous reinforcement the s+ is only the reinforcement whereas with intermittent the serious of reinforcement snd non reinforcement is the s+ The rat continues to push the lever because Nonreinforcement pressed have worked in th past
46
Compare sequential and frustration
Both are built on discrimination training and active learning . Frustration is due to internal process where as sequential is due to external environment the sequence of events
47
Response unit hypothesis
Defined as what produces reinforcement - ex two lever pushes result in reward snd are the behavior . Behavior is defined by the number of times it must occur to produce reinforcement . When it is defined this way there are actually less is fences of behavior with intermittent
48
Multiple schedule
A behavior is under the influence of two or more simple schedules each associated with a particular stimulus ex one schedule when yellow on snd another when red light on
49
A mixed schedule
Is the same as a multiple schedule except there are no stimuli associated with the change in reinforcement contingencies
50
In a chain schedule
Reinforcement is delivered only on completion of the last in a series of schedules must complete the last requirement of the last schedule . There is stimuli along the way that they are closer
51
Cooperative schedules
Make reinforcement dependent on the behavior of two or more individuals Issue may result in inequality of work
52
Concurrent schedules
Two or more schedules are available at once | Involves s choice
53
Matching law
Distribution of behaviors matches the availability of reinforcement in concurrent it makes sense to choose the denser one however it will occasionally press the other one to work on it Look at how much the one could be done in s minute snd how much the other then add to make the total. Then csn use the total snd the individual numbers to calculate the percentage it would be spent on It includes the behavior of interest the reinforcer snd other behaviors snd reinforcers
54
Compulsive gambling and applications
Very similar to variable ratios | It was found that near misses served as reinforcers
55
Experimental economics
Combo of reinforcement schedules and economics Will work for food But luxuries will decrease consumption if the effort increases
56
Malingering
The behaviors associated with pain stay longer | People may malinger if others are willing to "press the lever " more often to make up for someone hurting
57
Three criticism of schedules research
Argues it is artificial Produces trivial findings Reveal more about rats and pigeons
58
Three countesrs of the criticism
Lab allows them to simplify it to discover rules It is s function of the individuals history Human behavior is remarkably similar to animal behavior Good ways of testing variables on behaviors Ex toxins sleep deprivation etc
59
People sometimes behave differently from animals on a given schedule this is most likely be sue
People receive instructions about what they are supposed to do
60
Two types of schedules
Simple and complex
61
Most rapid learning occurs with which schedule
Crf

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