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BOARDS: Basic Anatomy > Upper Extremity > Flashcards

Upper Extremity Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What bone connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

A

clavicle

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2
Q

What additional motion of the clavicle on the sternum do we get with arm elevation, besides simply elevation of the clavicle?

A

posterior rotation

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3
Q

What does the costoclavicular ligament do?

A

connects clavicle to first rib, so prevents excessive elevation/protraction

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4
Q

T/F: The SC joint isn’t very stable.

A

false; because of all the ligaments (interclavicular, costoclavicular, etc) it’s VERY stable… more likely to break clavicle

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5
Q

What ligaments make up the AC joint?

A

1) coracoclavicular (two parts, trapezoid and conoid) -> this REALLY holds AC together
2) acromioclavicular (prevents post. translation)

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6
Q

What part of the clavicle is most likely to fracture?

A

between medial 2/3s and lateral 2/3, just medial to the attachment of coracoclavicular ligament

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7
Q

What spinal level is the spine of the scapula at?

A

T3 (superior border at T2)

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8
Q

What vertebral level is the inferior angle of the scapula at?

A

T7

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9
Q

What are the four joints of the upper extremity?

A

1) sternoclavicular
2) acromioclavicular
3) glenohumeral
4) scapulothoracic

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10
Q

What ligaments support the glenohumeral joint?

A

superior/inferior/middle glenohumeral ligaments resist excessive anterior translation

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11
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

supra
infra
subscap
teres minor

ALL insert into joint capsule

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12
Q

How much elevation occurs at the GH joint compared to the scapulothoracic joint?

A

120deg elevation at GH

60 deg elevation at scapulothoracic

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13
Q

Full scapular upward rotation requires what motion at the clavicle?

A

backward rotation (45-50deg)

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14
Q

What is the ratio for scapular to humeral motion with elevation?

A

1:2 (scapular:humeral)

aka scapulohumeral rhythm

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15
Q

What muscles cause upward rotation of the scapula during elevation?

A

upper trapezius and serratus anterior

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16
Q

What muscles cause downward rotation of the scapula during shoulder extension? (like chopping wood)

A

levator scapulae, rhomboids, pec minor

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17
Q

What muscles are active with shoulder protraction?

A

serratus anterior, pec minor

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18
Q

What muscles depress the scapula?

A

lower trap, pec minor, lat

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19
Q

What nerve is compressed in “crutch palsy”?

A

radial (formerly axillary a.)

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20
Q

Describe arterial flow in the upper extremity.

A

subclavian a. -> axillary a. -> brachial a. -> dive apart into radial and ulnar a.

THEN they kinda joint up in palmar arches in hand

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21
Q

What bony landmarks make up the humeroulnar joint?

A

trochlear notch of ulna, trochlea of humerus

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22
Q

What bony landmarks make up the radiohumeral joint?

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A

capitulum of humerus and radial head

23
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the humeral-ulnar joint?

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A

flexion, extension

24
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the humeral-radial joint?

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A

flexion, extension, supination, pronation

25
In what position should you manipulate the humeral-ulnar joint?
70deg flex | 10 deg sup
26
In what position should you manipulate the radio-humeral joint?
max extension, and supination | coincidentally the CLOSED pack position for humeroulnar
27
What kind of joint is the superior radioulnar joint?
pivot joint: radial head against medial proximal ulna in radial notch
28
What connects the middle of the radius and ulna?
interosseous membrane (stabilizes for pushing) and oblique cord (stabilizes for pulling)
29
What elbow flexor gets dual innervation?
brachialis: 1) musculocutaneous 2) radial nerve branch to brachialis
30
What is the main muscle of elbow flexion, working in all positions of the forearm?
brachialis
31
What muscles facilitate elbow extension in a closed-chain position?
pec major and anterior delt (like with push ups)
32
Elbow has to be in what position for biceps brachii to do supination?
90 deg elbow flexion
33
Describe pushing/pulling force coupling.
1) pushing = getting elbow extension with shoulder flexion, so need triceps extending elbow, biceps flexing shoulder and controlling ext. 2) pulling = doing opposite
34
T/F: Triceps are active when performing screwdriving motion.
yes, to resist elbow flexion as biceps works as a supinator
35
What is a Volkmann's ischemic contracture?
occlusion/laceration of brachial a. in upper arm can result in ischemia in forearm, causing ischemic contracture permanently shortening the involved muscles
36
What is a Colles fracture, and what commonly causes it?
it's a fracture at the distal radius, d/t fall on outstretched hand
37
In what area is the ulnar nerve most often compressed?
Osborne's fascia, forming the cubital tunnel posterior to the medial epicondyle
38
Name the proximal row of carpal bones, lateral to medial.
schaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform
39
Name the distal row of carpal bones, lateral to medial.
Trapezium (thumb) Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
40
What is the most frequently fractured carpal bone, and its common complication?
scaphoid | - avascular necrosis often occurs d/t poor blood supply that impacts healing
41
Name the three arches of the hand; what action do they support?
longitudinal metacarpophalangeal transverse carpal transverse Assist with prehension (grasp)
42
In the distal radioulnar joint, what bone moves on what with supination/pronation?
radius moves on ulna
43
What bears more load, radius or ulna?
radius (60:40)
44
What is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone?
lunate (anteriorly) - can compress median nerve
45
What is the most active muscle with grasping?
ECRB, which holds wrist in extension
46
Describe the innervation of the hand.
all ulnar except 1/2 LOAF median: 1) lateral half of lumbricals 2) opponens pollicis 3) abductor pollicis 4) flexor pollicis brevis
47
Name the deep muscles of the anterior forearm.
1) flexor digitorum profundus 2) flexor pollicis longus 3) pronator quadratus
48
Innervation of the forearm?
all median except FCU and medial half of FDP
49
What are the two major wrist flexors?
FCU and FCR (FCR more effective) | - palmaris longus also does slight wrist flexion
50
A supercondylar fracture in the humerus can damage what artery?
radial a.
51
If a power grip is damaged in an individual, what nerve is thought to be damaged?
ulnar n.
52
If a precision grip is damaged, what nerve is thought to be the cause?
median n.
53
If a patient has trouble releasing an object, what nerve may be damaged?
radial n.

BOARDS: Basic Anatomy (4 decks)

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