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Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Urbanisation def

A

the increasing proportion of people living in cities across the world

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2
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Global Urban trends in growth

A

The largest growth in urban populations is expected to be in India, China and Nigeria

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3
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : The growth of the middle class and its effects

A

By 2050, the worlds middle class is expected to move from 1 => 3 billion
=> rise in education levels
=> Massive rise in consumer demand (meat, electronics etc…)

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4
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Advantages of urban areas

A

Urban areas provide better access to
=> Goods and services
=> Education
=> Labour markets
=>Healthcare

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5
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Population growth in cities, Rural => Urban Migration, Push Factors

A

=> War and civil unrest
=> loss of employment
=> Boredom of rural life
=> lack of facilities
=> poor standards of living
=> Failure of crops
=> High costs of living

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6
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Population growth in cities, Rural => Urban Migration, Pull Factors

A

=> Education opportunities
=> Friends and family
=> Higher standards of living (or at least the perception of that)
=> Quality public transport
=> Safety
=> The perception of opportunity (to make it big)
=> ‘Bright light syndrome’ (the wow factor from big shining cities)

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7
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Population growth in cities, Natural Increase, Factors that affect

A

=> Higher in LICs than HICs (often due to lack of education, healthcare or a cultural change)
=> Large young adult populations (18-35)

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8
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Natural Increase def

A

Natural Increase = Birth rate - Death rate
AKA The population growth of the cities own population through reproduction

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9
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Megacity def

A

A megacity is a city with a population over 10 million

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10
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Agglomeration

A

When multiple things join and assemble together
This is how most megacities grow so rapidly, multiple cities fusing together

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11
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Types of megacity and their traits

A

=> Slow Grower. V.Low squatter devolpments, 70% urban, found in HICs
=> Growing. 20% squatter developments, 40-50% urban, found in S.E. Asia, S.America and China
=> Rapid Growing. over 20% squatter developments, 50% Urban

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12
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Landmarks

A

=> Guanabara Bay. Natural deep water port.
=> Sugar Loaf mountain. Home to the famous statue of Christ the redeemer. One of the 7 wonders of the world.
=> Copacabana Beach. A wide and luxurious beach with shops and hotels behind.

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13
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Zones summary

A

North zone : Main industrial & port areas
International Airport
Areas of low quality housing and slums
West zone : Barra da Tijura (wealthy area & Main Olympic stadium)
Industrial area of campo Grande (housing around a steelworks)
South zone : Richest area of Rio
=> Many hills and mountains.
=> famous for Copacabana beach
Centro : Oldest part of the city and home to the CDB
-Financial centre with many TNC headquarters

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14
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Health care Challenges

A

2013 only 55% of the city had local health clinic
=> West zone was worst for elderly and pregnant

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15
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Health care Solutions

A

Authorities in Favela Santa Marta brought medical staff to give health kits into peoples homes
=> Life expectancy rose, Infant mortality fell

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16
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Education Challenges

A

-Education only compulsory between 6-14
- only 50% in rio continue past 14 => jobs in drug gangs
-Shortage of schools, teachers and poverty forces children into work

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17
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Education Solutions

A

-Giving school grants to poor families to keep children in school
-opening a private university in Rochina favela

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18
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Water Supply Challenges

A

-12% of Rio has no access to running water
-37% water lost to leaks and illegal access
-Droughts make both issues worse

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19
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Water Supply Solutions

A

-7 new water treatment plants have been opened
-300 km of pipes laid
=> once done (2014) 95% of population had mains water supply

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20
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Energy Challenges

A

-Rio faces regular blackouts
=> demand for energy for Olympic infrastructure made situation far worse for poorest areas
-Many illegally tap into the supply
=> Causes fires which spread

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21
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Energy Solutions

A

-60km of new power lines
-built new nuclear power station
-developing the new hydroelectric complex
=> increase of total power of 30%
=> cost 2 billion
-Solar panels installed on favela rooftops

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22
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Economic Challenges : Informal economy

A

Def : unregulated parts of the economy
-3.5 million sources of employment in rio.
-No : pension, job security, sick pay, contracts, health & safety, protection against exploitation, tax, JOB SECURITY

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23
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Economic Challenges : Formal economy

A

-Regulated and managed parts of the economy.
-The opposite of the informal economy

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24
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Economic Challenges : Types of employment in RIO

A

-High income service (finance and banking)
-Retail and distribution
-construction (unskilled jobs
=> 2014 world cup
=> 2016 Olympics
=> Port Renovations
-Steel manufacture
-Tourism (direct & indirect)
-Oil refining
=>Petrobas - 65000 barrels of oil a day
-Port industries
=> export of primary products

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25
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Challenges :Air & traffic pollution
-Due to Rio's position, brown smog built up from exhausts fumes cover the city -Traffic congestion V.High : =>Steep mountains limiting road space =>High crime => walking risky => Automotive manufacturing centre (JLR New Factory)
26
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Solutions : Air & traffic pollution
aimed at reducing congestion => prevents smog build-up -Expansion of metro (EXEMPLAR Under Guanabara bay to Barra da Tijuca) -One way roads during rush hour -Toll roads
27
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Challenges : Water pollution
-Guanabara bay highly polluted <=55 rivers flowing h.polluted (Favela sewers) <= Oil spills from Petrobras refinery <= Ships dump waste oils due to no disposal facilities. => Threat to wildlife => Fishing down 90% -May affect Copacabana beach tourism
28
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Solutions : Water pollution
-12 new sewage works built since 2004 => Cost $68 million in oversea aid -Ships fined for discharging into bay -new sewage pipes
29
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Challenges : Waste pollution
-Worst in Favelas =>Most built on steep hills => no road access => no waste lorries -Waste dumped =>Pollutes water system => Cholera & Rats
30
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Solutions : Waste pollution
-Power plant that runs of biofuel => Near Uni of Rio. => Uses methane gas produced by rotting rubbish => Consumes 3 tons of rubbish a day => powers 1000 homes
31
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Favela Bairro Project : General knowledge
A site and Service Scheme -Aimed to improve the quality of life for favela inhabitants -converts favela to legal neighbourhoods -Supported by Inter-Americas Development Bank
32
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Favela Bairro Project : Programs Achievements
-Creation of paved (& formally named) roads -Improved access to water supplies -improved drainage for sanitation -hillsides secured (prevent landslides) => People moved where needed -Built health, leisure and education facilities -Installation of cable car to Ipanema => Inhabitants of Complexo do Alemao given a free return ticket per day -Pacifying Police Unit setup to reduce crime
33
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Favela Bairro Project : Issues with gangs
-Gangs still control parts of the favelas => Block the project => force citizens to live a life outside law (No property deed, informal economy, electricity & TV must be pirated
34
Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Favela Bairro Project : Issues with Policing
Police have heavy handed approach to gangs (heavily armed, large collateral etc...) -Treat citizens of favelas like criminals HOWEVER -Has stopped crime
35
Urban Issues and Challenges : Urban area in the UK def
An urban area is a built up area that has a resident population above 10,000
36
Urban Issues and Challenges : UK reasons for the growth of cities
-Water access => ports <=Textile exports -Natural Resources (coal, Birmingham black country) => Industrial revolution => Manufacturing (Manchester) => Textiles =>End of primary employment => migration -Capital City's (London, Edinburgh, Belfast, Cardiff) -Push and Pull factors (i.e. Education for oxford) -Financial Centres (London)
37
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : General knowledge
-Second largest city in the UK -Near the exact centre of the UK -'Toyshop of Europe' -Major city due to immigration
38
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Economic past
-Grew rich of industrial revolution -1980s saw economic decline => deprivation and dereliction. Manufacture declined -transition into a service based economy, experiencing healthy levels of economic growth
39
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Transport links
-Road => M5,6,40 & 42 -Rail links (HS2 will be near) -Birmingham airport
40
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Reasons for migration & who are migrating
One of the most culturally diverse cities in the UK -Post war boom caused growth in employment => migrants form : Caribbean, S.E. Asia, India, & Ireland -Irish potato famine -Commonwealth -EU expansion -Refugees
41
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Where migrants live
-Tend to be concentrated near => Friends and family => Specialist shops (home food etc...) and religious venues => Poorer quality housing (midrise) => Inner city (housing is cheapest)
42
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Positives of migration
-Enriching the cities cultural life => Balti-triangle -Historically economic, CHEAP labour => Migrants now bring skills and small businesses -Provides a hard-working and motivated workforce
43
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Negatives of migration
-Challenge of integration of small secluded communities into wider city -Challenge of providing education for children who don't speak English as a first language -Builds pressure on housing and employment
44
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Opportunities : 1) Cultural, Recreation and entertainment
-City centre Museum & art gallery -Huge range of sporting arenas =>commonwealth, Edgbaston, cricket station -Music O2 Academy, Symphony orchestra -Shopping at Bullring Shopping Centre
45
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Opportunities : 2) Employment
-31,000 companies based in Birmingham -Urban regeneration program => provides many development jobs Birmingham Research Park -Biohub : For a fee, small biomedical companies can rent a slot with cutting edge equipment and IT -Amazing transport links -economic zones, 3 uni's, 2 convention centres
46
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Opportunities : 3) Integrated Transport System
-Birmingham connected plan => AIM to coordinate all forms of transport into a single easy to use system -Improve train lines -New rail links -New train system -Development in cycle routes and walkways
47
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Opportunities : 4) Urban Greening
-Improving the cities environment as part of urban regeneration => Tree planting => Urban greenways => Green roofs & walls => Cycle tracks => Creating 'Blue Corridors' (rivers & Canals) ALLIVIATE TRANSPORT PRESSURE BY ENCOURAGING CYCLING AND WALKING
48
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : Deprivation def
Where the quality of life for certain people fall below what is recognised as acceptable in a particular country
49
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : Dereliction def
Land and buildings that have fallen into disuse
50
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : 1) Child Poverty
-2nd highest child in poverty per thousand => means few children have access to the cities education amenities -Many families are registered as living in overcrowded conditions
51
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : 2) Education
-GCSE grades below the national average -School attendance below national average HUGE EDUCATION GAP => 8 V.high achieving grammar schools
52
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : 3) Health
-below national average for good or v.good health
53
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : 4) Employment
large proportion of the population are in working groups 8-9 => V.low pay => Low skill -more likely to be taken up by those who struggle to speak English & live in derelict city centres
54
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : Greenfield site def
Are sites that have not been previously built on
55
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : Brownfield site def
Are sites that have previously been used (often for industry)
56
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : Green belt def
A greenbelt is a greenfield area of land adjacent to built up land which is protected to prevent unrestricted growth of a city into the countryside (urban sprawl)
56
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : 1) Housing Pressure
-Massive pressure has been put on green and brownfield sites due to housing shortage. -2015 needed 89,000 new homes => Prevented by greenbelt Example : Sutton Coldfield -Relatively isolated and green land -Birmingham city council decided to more than double local population with housing development (forced to build on greenbelt due to lack of brownfield space) Fierce socio-economic debate sparked of building on the greenbelt. Concerns with : -Pollution -Destruction of community -cost (greenbelt houses expensive) => leaves out poorest
57
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : 2) Waste Disposal
-Aiming for 40% waste recycling by 2026 -New technologies such as Climafuel (biofuel made from waste) to power clay and concrete kilns while reducing waste
58
Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : 3) Energy Recovery
Birmingham's Energy Recovery Facility (ERF) -takes 350,000 tons of rubbish per year => incinerates to produce electricity However -Releases huge amounts of CO2 -Relatively little energy production (25MW against 500 from regular coal power plant)
59
Factors affecting Birmingham's Green Belts : 1) Transport Networks
The -motorway network -Rail network -Birmingham airport have all seen development on Birmingham's rural-urban fringe
60
Factors affecting Birmingham's Green Belts : 2) Residential Developments
Sutton Coldfield -Merged into Birmingham -Forced into expanding housing stock to satiate Birmingham's growing population
61
Factors affecting Birmingham's Green Belts : 3) Modern Industrial Estates
-Light manufacturing still accounts for 8% of Birmingham's economy => Industrial estates such as Frankley Industrial Estate -At the edge of town (Cheaper & better transport links)
62
Factors affecting Birmingham's Green Belts : 4) Leisure Developments
-21 golf courses around the rural-urban fringe of Birmingham => Do protect green land and wildlife, not open to the public
63
Factors affecting Birmingham's Green Belts : 5) Commuter Settlements
-42,000 people within last 10 years moved from Birmingham city centre => Outskirts => Places pressure on roads and public transport network
64
The Birmingham Big City Plan : Why was Regeneration necessary
-Birmingham suffered heavily from deindustrialisation and the recession => Massive unemployment (Unemployment rate trebled) -1960s city design called for large-scale urban clearance => Reconstruction after WW2 left a dramatic mark and fell victim to many of the design mistakes of the period =>'A city centre encircled by motorways' -Poor reputation REGENERATION DID NOT START WITH BIG CITY PLAN
65
The Birmingham Big City Plan : GN
-Launched in 2010 -20 year plan to transform Birmingham city centre into a 'world class city centre' -Able to deliver sustainable growth. -covering 800 hectares of land
66
The Birmingham Big City Plan : Aims
-Improve connectivity and walkability of the city centre -Improve environmental quality -Raise new residential communities -Diversify the economic base -Overall grow the City Core -Cleaning the River Rea 5 zones to be regenerated
67
The Birmingham Big City Plan : Zone 3 - Eastside development
-New train station for HS2 -Urban Greening of the region -Development of Birmingham City University
68
The Birmingham Big City Plan : Zone 4 - Southern Gateway development
-£1 billion mixed land use regeneration project -Development of retail -Leisure facilities -home construction
69
The Birmingham Big City Plan : Zone 5 - New Street Station
-Transformation of New Street Station into stunning world class station -Massive improvement to connectivity -Better Physical Enviroment

Geog (17 decks)

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