Urinary System

Question 1

What is the location of the kidneys?

Answer 1

lie against the posterior abdominal wall in a retroperitoneal position.

They extend from T12-L3 and are protected by the ribcage

Question 2

Why is the right kidney lower?

Answer 2

pushed down due to the liver

Question 3

What surrounds each kidney?

Answer 3

firbrous renal capsule which holds them in place against the dorsal body wall.

Question 4

Purpose of the kidneys?

Answer 4

excrete nitrogen waste, maintain water, electrolyte and PH balance of blood.

cleanse blood and adjust its composition

Question 5

What 3 regions are visible in the frontal section of the kidney?

Answer 5

renal pelvis, medulla, cortex

Question 6

What is the renal cortex?

Answer 6

granular appearance and light in color

outer region of kidney

Question 7

What is the renal medulla?

Answer 7

has cone shaped masses called renal pyramids

brown in color

Question 8

what is renal pelvis?

Answer 8

continuous with ureters and collects urine

branches into calyces

Question 9

What is a calyce?

Answer 9

Collects urine which flows to the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder

Question 10

Which parts contain smooth muscle?

Answer 10

wall of calyce, pelvis and ureter

contract rhythmically to push urine to bladder

Question 11

Where does blood enter the kidneys?

Answer 11

renal arteries

Question 12

Composition of blood in renal veins is ________, while that of urine is _______

Answer 12

most constant, most variable

Question 13

Where is most blood that enters the kidney directed to?

Answer 13

cortex where the nephrons are located

Question 14

Each nephron consists of what?

Answer 14

a glomerulus

Question 15

What is a glomerulus?

Answer 15

contains capillaries associated with renal tubule

Question 16

The end of the renal tubule is known as what?

Answer 16

glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)

Question 17

What do efferent arterioles do?

Answer 17

move blood away from glomerulus

Question 18

What do afferent arterioles do?

Answer 18

move blood to glomerulus

Question 19

What is special about the glomerulus endothelium?

Answer 19

has pores which allow small substances to pass from blind into the glomerular capsule EXCEPT blood cells and plasma protein

Question 20

Glomerulus does what?

Answer 20

filters out all material from urine especially blood and protein

Question 21

Having RBC or protein in urine is an indication of what?

Answer 21

the glomerulus is not functioning

Question 22

The proximal and distal convoluted tubules are made of what type of tissue?

Answer 22

cuboidal epithelium lined with microvilli.

this increases the surface area for processing the filtrate.

Question 23

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 23

120ml/min

decreases with age
increases with body size

Question 24

Excretion formula?

Answer 24

excretion= filtration-reabsorption +secretion

Question 25

What electrolytes are reabsorbed by active transport?

Answer 25

water, sodium, potassium (most excreted), chlorine

glucose (100%), amino acids (100%) [except in diabetes mellitus]

Question 26

What is usually secreted?

Answer 26

urea and uric acid

Question 27

What causes diabetes insipidus?

Answer 27

lack of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from posterior pituitary for water retention

Question 28

what is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 28

high blood sugar levels

Question 29

What does ADH do?

Answer 29

prevents excess water loss

Question 30

What should urine look like?

Answer 30

clear or light coloured

Question 31

What causes urochrome pigment in urine?

Answer 31

hemoglobin breakdown which gives it a yellow color

Question 32

Purpose of nephrons?

Answer 32

forms urine