Urinary System Quiz Flashcards
(40 cards)
Urinary System Consists of:
Upper urinary tract & lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra).
Location and Number of each:
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
- 2 Kidneys (upper)
- 2 Ureters (upper)
- Urinary bladder (lower)
- Urethra (lower)
What can anomalies cause?
Anomalies can cause obstruction or stasis, create infections, impair renal function, and/or prompt stone formation.
Are kidneys retroperitoneal?
yes
Which kidney sits lower than the other?
Right kidney sits lower than the left
Which organs are vital for homeostasis?
Kidneys
What do kidneys do?
detoxify the blood, maintain normal pH, iron, and salt levels in the blood.
also work to regulate blood pressure by producing the enzyme renin.
How is urine formed?
Urine is formed and excreted through filtration and reabsorption of blood which results in approximately 1-1.5L of urine per day
What is Nephron?
Functional unit of the kidney responsible for formation of urine (filtration). Bladder is the reservoir until excretion.
What Muscles are posterior and lateral to the kidneys?
know their locations
Psoas, Erector Spinae, Quadratus Lumborum, Latissimus Dorsi
the process of urine formation in a nephron:
Step 1
The nephron’s cup-shaped Bowman’s Capsule surrounds a knot of blood capillaries called the glomerulus. Most of the blood filters into the glomerulus due to pressure from the circulatory system
Step 2
This fluid/blood is then passed through the nephron tubule, which has 4 main parts (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct).
Step 3
In the proximal convoluted tubule, a considerable amount of reabsorption occurs. Small proteins, glucose, and ions are returned to the blood. About 75% of the filtrate is returned in this section of the nephron.
Step 4
In the loop of Henle - Salt is actively transported out of the filtrate.
Step 5
In the distal convoluted tubule, urine is passed to the collecting duct where it is concentrated.
and Lastly step 6
It then leaves the collecting duct into the pelvis of the kidney, which leads to the ureter and the bladder where it is stored.
Clinical Indications:
-Flank and/or back pain
-Signs or symptoms that may be referred from the kidney and/or bladder regions such as hematuria
-Abnormal laboratory values or abnormal findings on other imaging examinations suggestive of kidney and/or bladder pathology
-Follow-up of known or suspected abnormalities in the kidney and/or bladder
-Evaluation of suspected congenital abnormalities
-Abdominal trauma
Kidney Protocol
Kid Long RT MED/LAT - Long sweep w images medial to lateral
Kid Long RT/LIVER - comparison (*LT = Kid Long LT/SPLEEN comparison)
Kid Trans RT S/I – Transverse sweep w images superior to inferior
*REPEAT on LT
Renal Agenesis
Absence of kidney on one side (unilateral) large kidney on contralateral side.
Left kidney agenesis is more common. +Men. Bilateral agenesis often presents in utero with oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia, and is incompatible with life.
Dromedary Hump
Local bulge of lateral border of the LEFT kidney
Junctional Parenchymal Defect
Wedge-shaped hyperechoic defect, anterior, usually right.
Hypertrophied Column of Bertin (HCB)
Layer of renal cortex is folded toward the center of kidney.
Hypoplasia
Developed but small. Clinical significance depends on volume of output, hypertension generally accompanies this anomaly.
Hyperplasia
Overdeveloped kidney (LARGE). Often associated with renal agenesis or hypoplasia of contralateral kidney.
