uro/renal (3%)

Question 1

rf for cryptorchidism

Answer 1

premies

low birth weight

Question 2

where is testicle MC in cryptorchidism

Answer 2

inguinal canal

Question 3

tx of cryptorchidism

Answer 3

observe if <6mo but repair before 1yo

Question 4

most testicles descend spontaneously by what age

Answer 4

3mo

Question 5

what are the long term risks from cryptorchidism

Answer 5

inc risk of testicular Ca, sub fertility, testicular torsion, inguinal hernia

Question 6

what is the MC cause of painless scrotal swelling

Answer 6

hydrocele

Question 7

what is the main cause of hydrocele in infants + adults

Answer 7

infants- congenital incomplete obliteration of processus vaginalis
adults- injury, infection, inflam

Question 8

hydrocele presentation

Answer 8

painless swelling, may inc throughout day
+/-dull ache/heaviness
+ transilumination

Question 9

how do you tell communicating from noncommunicating hydrocele

Answer 9

communicating = swelling worse w valsalva

Question 10

tx of hydrocele

Answer 10

usu none needed- resolves by 1yo

Question 11

what is paraphimosis vs phimosis

Answer 11

para-foreskin retracted + stuck

phimosis- can’t retract foreskin

Question 12

which is emergent phimosis or paraphimosis and why

Answer 12

paraphimosis- dec circulation to glans

Question 13

what causes testicular torsion

Answer 13

bell clapper deformity of process vaginalis

congenital

Question 14

sx of testicular torsion

Answer 14

abrupt onset of scrotal, inguinal or lower and pain + n/v

swollen, tender high-riding testicle w absent cremasteric reflex

Question 15

blue dot sign

Answer 15

blue dot at upper pole of testicle - indicates torsion of appendix of testes

Question 16

tx of testicular torsion

Answer 16

euro emergency

orchiopexy w.i 6hrs

Question 17

what is enuresis

Answer 17

primary monosx bedwetting in pt 5yo+ w no sx of infxn

Question 18

what drugs can be used to tx enuresis

Answer 18

desmopressin (DDAVP)

TCAs (if all others fail)

Question 19

what is glomerulonephritis

Answer 19

immune inflame of glomeruli –> protein + RBC leakage into urine

Question 20

sx of glomerulonephritis

Answer 20

HTN, hematuria (+casts), dependent edema (proteinuria), azotemia (inc BUN)

Question 21

gold standard for glomerulonephritis dx

Answer 21

renal bx

Question 22

what is the specific gravity of urine in glomerulonephritis

Answer 22

high (>1.020)

Question 23

what is another name for IgA nephropathy

Answer 23

berger’s dz

Question 24

what is the classic presentation of mergers disease (IgA nephropathy)

Answer 24

young males w.i days s/p URI/GI infection –> IgA overproduction –> HTN, hematuria (+casts), dependent edema (proteinuria), azotemia (inc BUN)

Question 25

what is diagnostic of IgA nephropathy

Answer 25

IgA mesangial deposits

Question 26

tx of IgA nephropathy

Answer 26

ACEi + corticosteroids

Question 27

what pathogen is MC in post-infectious glomerulonephritis

Answer 27

GABHS (skin/pharyngeal infxn)

Question 28

what is the classic presentation of post-infectious glomerulonephritis

Answer 28

2-14yo boy w facial edema 3wks after strep, w scanty cola-colored/dark urine HTN, hematuria (+casts), dependent edema (proteinuria), azotemia (inc BUN)

Question 29

what is diagnostic of post-infectious glomerulonephritis

Answer 29

antistreptolysin titers | low serum complement (C3)

Question 30

what is the tx of post-infectious glomerulonephritis

Answer 30

supportive +/- abx

Question 31

what causes membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis

Answer 31

SLE, viral hepatitis, hypocomplementemia

Question 32

what is the presentation of membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis

Answer 32

mixed nephritic-nephrotic picture

Question 33

what are the 3 types of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Answer 33

goodpastures microscopic polyangiitis granulomatosis w polyangiitis

Question 34

what do you see on bx of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Answer 34

crescent formation | poor prognosis

Question 35

how do you tx rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Answer 35

corticosteroids + cyclophosphamide

Question 36

what causes goodpastures dz

Answer 36

anti-GBM antibodies --> kidney failure + hemoptysis

Question 37

how do you dx goodpastures dz

Answer 37

linear IgG deposits

Question 38

what is microscopic polyangiitis

Answer 38

vasculitis of small renal vessels --> P-ANCA

Question 39

what is granulomatosis w polyangiitis

Answer 39

wegeners --> C-ANCA

Question 40

what is the MC organism in cystitis/pyelo

Answer 40

E.coli (S.sapro if sexually active)

Question 41

tx of uncomplicated cystitis

Answer 41

nitro FQs bactrim

Question 42

tx of complicated cystitis

Answer 42

FQ PO or IV

Question 43

what is complicated cystitis

Answer 43

``` pregnant immunocompromised DM indwelling cath anatomic abnormality elderly males ```

Question 44

tx of cystitis in pregnant pt

Answer 44

amox, augmentin, keflex, cefpodoxime, nitro

Question 45

tx of pyelo

Answer 45

FQ PO or IV x14D