urogenital triangle

Question 1

what are the borders of the urogenital triangle

Answer 1

between the pubic symphysis and the ischiopubic rami, anterior to the ischial tuberosities

Question 2

what nerves and vessels pass through the lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 2

pudendal nerve, internal pudendal vessels

Question 3

what are the divisions of the urogenital triangle

Answer 3

divided by the perineal membrane into a superior deep pouch and an inferior superficial pouch

Question 4

what are the contents of the deep pouch aka urogenital diaphragm

Answer 4

external urethral sphincter and deep transverse perineal muscles with the urethra and vagina passing through

Question 5

what are the features of the perineal membrane

Answer 5

spans the urogenital triangle
has openings for nerves, urethra and vagina
attaches to the perineal body in the midline, posteriorly

Question 6

what does the male deep pouch contain

Answer 6

urethra and bulbourethral glands

inf boundary is the perineal membrane, superficial is fascia

Question 7

what does the superficial pouch contain

Answer 7

genitalia

Question 8

what are the features in common with the clitoris and the penis

Answer 8

two crura
which become corpora cavenosa that fill with blood to produce erection
a central bulb which is split by the vagina as the bulb of the vestible, in the penis it become the corpus spongiosum that contains the urethra

Question 9

what are the 3 corpora of the penis

Answer 9

2 dorsal cavenosa

ventral spongiosum

Question 10

what are the coverings of the penis

Answer 10

loose skin with no fat
superficial dartos fascia (merging of camper’s and scarpa’s)
skin doubles back on itself to form the prepuce and foreskin that is continuous with the glands

Question 11

what are the features of the penile septum

Answer 11

complete proximally

pectiniform distally to even out pressures and stay straight

Question 12

what surrounds the corpora cavenosa

Answer 12

thick tunica albuginea

and deep fascia (Buck’s)

Question 13

what tissue forms the the glans as a cap over the corpora cavernosa

Answer 13

the corpus spongiosum

Question 14

what muscle surrounds each crus of the penis

Answer 14

ischiocavernosus

Question 15

what muscle surrounds each bulb of the penis

Answer 15

bulbospongiosus

Question 16

what is the function of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

Answer 16

support the penis and contribute to errection, bulbospongiosus compresses the urethra during ejaculation and in order to expel urine

Question 17

what are the supportive ligaments of the penis

Answer 17

fundiform, triangular(suspensory) from the linea alba and pubic symphysis

Question 18

describe the fundiform ligament of the penis

Answer 18

acts like a sling around the ventral aspect

Question 19

what is the foreskin

Answer 19

a fold of skin, continuous with the glans and the mucous membrane of the urethra

Question 20

what do the sebaceous glands form

Answer 20

smegma

Question 21

where is the frenulum of the penis

Answer 21

ventrally between the foreskin and the glans

Question 22

what is balanitis

Answer 22

inflammation of the head of the penis

Question 23

where are the two bends in the male urethra

Answer 23

between the membranous and bulbar urethra

in the spongy urethra as it becomes pendulous

Question 24

what is the epithelium of the urethra

Answer 24

urothelium until ejac. ducts, then (pseudo) stratified
columnar, before stratified squamous in distal urethra,
keratinised at ext. orifice

Question 25

what does the labia majora form

Answer 25

mons pubis anteriorly and the posterior commissure or fourchette posteriorly

Question 26

describe an episiotomy

Answer 26

must be backwards and angled laterally to avoid cutting the anal sphincter

Question 27

what does the labia minora form

Answer 27

the prepuce of the clitoris

Question 28

describe the structure of the clitoris

Answer 28

2 crura make up the body the bulb contributes as a hood over the glans the urethra opens inferiorly in the vestible

Question 29

describe the bulb of the clitoris

Answer 29

divided by the vagina and covered by bulbospongiosus that aids pubovaginalis in its sphincteric effect

Question 30

what might be a problem with the Bartholin's glands

Answer 30

cyct or abscess formation

Question 31

what does the internal pudendal supply

Answer 31

``` the perineum and in both sexes gives arteries to the: urethra, posterior 2/3 of the scrotum or labia (anterior 1/3 via external pudendal from femoral), cavernous tissue of penis or clitoris, skin of shaft and glans of penis or clitoris ```

Question 32

what is the venous drainage of the penile skin and foreskin

Answer 32

superficial dorsal veins to the external pudendals

Question 33

what is the lymph drainage of the deeper structures

Answer 33

internal iliac nodes

Question 34

what is the lymph drainage of the superficial structures

Answer 34

superficial inguinal nodes

Question 35

what is the lymph drainage of the glans

Answer 35

deep inguinal - Cloquet nodes and external iliac nodes

Question 36

what structure forms the glans penis

Answer 36

c. spongiosum

Question 37

what does the linea alba form in the penis

Answer 37

fundiform and suspensory ligaments

Question 38

what tissue makes up the crus of the clitoris

Answer 38

corpus cavernosum