Urolithiasis

Question 1

Cystine stones are a rare form of nephrolithiasis, most commonly seen in ____ and is characterized by urine crystals that are ____in shape that are ____ on X-rays

Answer 1

children
hexagonal
faintly radiopaque

Question 2

A positive sodium cyanide nitroprusside test may help in the diagnosis of _____

Answer 2

cystine kidney stones

Question 3

In addition to IV hydration and a low-purine diet, uric acid kidney stones may be treated with ___

Answer 3

potassium citrate

Question 4

Why can people with chronic diarrhea develop uric acid stones?

Answer 4

↓ pH and ↓ urine volume (acidic and concentrated urine)

Question 5

Urinary calculi that are radiolucent on x-ray and appear as rhomboid-shaped crystals on urinalysis are most likely composed of _____

Answer 5

uric acid

Question 6

In addition to antibiotics and hydration, struvite stones are usually managed with___

Answer 6

surgical removal

Question 7

What is the likely microorganism causing a UTI in a young female with an elevated urine pH and renal calculus on imaging?

Answer 7

Proteus mirabilis

Question 8

What imaging modalities are preferred for detecting kidney stones?

Answer 8

-Abdominal CT scan without contrast (preferred)
-Ultrasound(pregnancy)

Question 9

______ with stone removal is a first-line therapy for patients with urinary stones in the middle or distal ureter ≥ 10 mm

Answer 9

Ureteroscopy

Question 10

• Kidney stone ≤ 10 mm is managed with: _____
• Kidney stone > 10 mm is managed with: _____

Answer 10

• conservative management (oral fluids / analgesia) + alpha blocker
• urology consult

Question 11

Dietary recommendations for patients with renal calculi include

Answer 11

• Increased fluid intake,
• Decreased Na+ intake
• Normal Ca2+ intake

Question 12

Treatment of cystine kidney stones involves:

Answer 12

Alkalinization of urine and a low-sodium diet

Question 13

Calcium kidney stones may be treated with _____diuretics

Answer 13

thiazide

Question 14

What type of stones are are radiolucent?

Answer 14

• Uric acid stones
• Cystine stones

Question 15

What class of autonomic drugs may be useful for treating and facilitating passage of ureteric kidney stones (in addition to IV hydration and analgesics)?

Answer 15

α1-blockers (e.g. tamsulosin)

Question 16

Urine pH in each infection:
- Escherichia coli :
- Proteus mirabilis:

Answer 16

• Acidic to neutral
• Alkaline