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Renal > Urolithiasis > Flashcards

Urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of uroliths in dogs and cats?

A

Struvite and Ca oxalate

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2
Q

Medical dissolution is possible for most stones except _____

A

Ca oxalate

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3
Q

What diet is used to treat cystine, urate, and Ca oxalate stones?

A

Alkalinizing diet

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4
Q

What diet is used to treat struvite stones?

A

Acidifying diet

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5
Q

Which stones are radiolucent and my not be visible on radiographs?

A

Cystine and urate

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6
Q

How do you increase urine volume to keep the urine dilute and dissolve crystal substrates?

A

High moisture content

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7
Q

In dogs, what are struvite stones usually induced by?

A

UTI via urease+ microves

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8
Q

What are the three components of struvite crystals?

A

Magnesium, ammonium, phsophate

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9
Q

How do you reduce the amount of ammonium in a diet?

A

Low protein

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10
Q

Why is a low protein diet less important in cats than it is for struvite stones in dogs?

A

Struvite stones are sterile in cats

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11
Q

Which stones are the most difficult and unlikely to dissolve and usually require surgery?

A

Ca oxalate

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12
Q

Which dog breeds are predisposed to Ca oxalate?

A

Schnauzer, Yorkie, Lhasa apso

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13
Q

What should be avoided in a diet for Ca oxalate stones?

A

Excessive protein, Ca, Vit D, and Na

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14
Q

What should be provided in a diet for Ca oxalate stones?

A

Adequate phosphorus, Mg, and Vit B6

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15
Q

How does phosphorous prevent a Ca oxalate stone?

A

Prevents Vit D activation

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16
Q

What pH is Ca oxalate more likely to form in?

A

Acidic urine

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17
Q

Which dog breeds are predisposed to cystine stone formation?

A

Bulldogs, Newfoundlands, Dachshunds

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18
Q

How do you treat a cystine stone?

A

2-MPG

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19
Q

How does 2-MPG help treat a cystine stone?

A

Binds to cystine to form a more soluble compound

20
Q

What dietary considerations are needed to treat a cystine stone?

A

Low protein, Low Na, alkalinizing diet

21
Q

Which dog breed is predisposed to urate stones?

A

Dalmations

22
Q

How do you treat a urate stone?

A

Allopurinol

23
Q

How does Allopurinol help treat a urate stone?

A

Decr. uric acid by inhibition of conversion of hypoxanthine–>xanthine–>uric acid

24
Q

What might happen if you give Allopurinol without also providing the dog with a reduced protein diet?

A

Xanthine stone formation

25
Q

What type of uroliths do horses get?

A

Ca carbonate/phosphate

26
Q

Why are horses prone to Ca carbonate/phosphate uroliths?

A

Equine urine contains lots of Ca

27
Q

What type of urine does Ca carbonate/phosphate form in?

A

Alkaline urine

28
Q

What is the most common equine urolith?

A

Ca carbonate

29
Q

Sheep grazing lush pasture are likely to get what type of uroliths?

A

Ca carbonate

30
Q

Clover and alfalfa predispose to what type of uroliths?

A

Calcium uroliths

31
Q

What type of stones are seen in sheep and cattle grazing western rangeland or in dehydrated animals?

A

Silica stones

32
Q

What are struvite stones made of?

A

Ca, Mg, phosphate

33
Q

What pH of urine promotes struvite formation?

A

Alkaline urine

34
Q

What type of diet treats a struvite stone?

A

Acidifying diet

35
Q

What USG should be maintained to keep urine diluted and prevent precipitation of stones?

A

<1.020

36
Q

What type of stone is most common in feedlot animals receiving lots of grain?

A

Struvite

37
Q

What pH of urine promotes Ca oxalate stones?

A

Acidic urine

38
Q

What type of diet treats Ca oxalate stones?

A

Alkalinizing diet

39
Q

What stone is predominantly seen in males and is the result of a genetic defect in the renal tubules?

A

Cysteine

40
Q

Can you see cysteine stones on radiographs?

A

No

41
Q

Can you see urate stones on radiographs?

A

No

42
Q

What uroliths are most common with PSS?

A

Urate

43
Q

What uroliths are Dalmations most predisposed to?

A

Urate

44
Q

How does the genetic defect in Dalmation urate metabolism predispose them to urate stones?

A

Makes allatoin from urates in live = urate accumulation

45
Q

How do you treat urates?

A

Allopurinol

46
Q

What is the MoA of Allopurinol?

A

Inhibits xanthine oxidase

47
Q

What=can Allopurinol predispose to?

A

Xanthine crystals

Renal (10 decks)

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