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Renal & Urology > Urological Emergencies > Flashcards

Urological Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

what is acute retention usually a complication of?

A

BPH

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2
Q

2 types of acute urinary retention?

A

spontaneous and precipitated

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3
Q

acute retention treatment?

A

catheter

alpha blockers (-sin)

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4
Q

acute retention complications?

A

post obstructive diuresis and haematuria (rare)

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5
Q

acute loin pain is due to what?

A

urinary tract pathology or even AAA

ureteric colic secondary to calculus

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6
Q

acute loin pain treatment?

A

NSAID +/- opiate

alpha blocker

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7
Q

as size of stone increases, the chance of spontaneous passage __________

A

as size of stone increases, the chance of spontaneous passage DECREASES

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8
Q

investigation for stones?

A

non-contrast CT scan

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9
Q

indications of loin pain to treat urgently?

A

unrelieved pain
pyrexia
persistent N&V
high grade obstruction

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10
Q

urgent treatment of acute loin pain/stone?

A

ureteric stent or stone fragmentation

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11
Q

frank haematuria cause?

A 
infection
stones
tumours
BPH
polycystic kidneys
trauma
coagulation/platelet deficiencies
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12
Q

investigations of frank haematuria?

A

CT urogram

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13
Q

frank haematuria treatment?

A

3-way catheter for clot

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14
Q

acute scrotum causes?

A 
torsion of spermatic cord
torsion of appendix testis
epididymitis
inguinal hernia
hydroceles
trauma
dermatological lesions
tumour
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15
Q

at what age is spermatic cord torsion cause?

A

teenage

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16
Q

investigation for torsion?

A

doppler USS

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17
Q

torsion treatment?

A

2 or 3 point fixation with non-absorbable sutures

MUST fix both sides

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18
Q

name the sign seen in torsion of the appendage

A

blue dot sign

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19
Q

is epididymitis common in children?

A

no

dysuria and pyrexia is common

20
Q

epididymitis treatment?

A

analgesia and 14 days ofloxacin

21
Q

what is paraphimosis?

A

painful swelling of foreskin distal to a phimotic ring

often happens after foreskin retracted for catheterization or cystoscopy and staff member forgets to replace it in its natural position

22
Q

paraphimosis treatment?

A

ice and sugar
manual compression
dorsal slit

23
Q

what is priapism?

A

prolonged erection

24
Q

most common classification of priapism?

A

ischaemic

also get non-ischaemic

25
Q

priapism treatment?

A

aspiration and irrigation with saline

alpha agonist injection

surgical shunt

non-ischaemic - observe

26
Q

what is Fournier’s gangrene?

A

necrotizing fasciitis occurring about the male genitalia

27
Q

predisposing factors for Fournier’s gangrene?

A

diabetes
alcoholic
trauma
infection

starts as cellulitis

28
Q

Fournier’s gangrene investigation?

A

XR or USS for gas in tissues

29
Q

Fournier’s gangrene treatment?

A

antibiotics and surgical debridement

30
Q

what is emphysematous pyelonephritis?

A

an acute necrotizing parenchymal and perirenal infection caused by gas-forming uropathogens, usually E coli

31
Q

who gets emphysematous pyelonephritis?

A

diabetics

32
Q

emphysematous pyelonephritis treatment?

A

nephrectomy

33
Q

perinephric abscess treatment?

A

antibiotics and surgical drainage

34
Q

how many classifications are there in renal trauma?

A

5

I - haematoma
II - laceration
III - deeper laceration
IV - laceration through all structure
V - shattered kidney
35
Q

imaging for bladder injury?

A

CT cystography

extra or intraperitoneal?

36
Q

extraperitoneal bladder injury treatment?

A

large bone catheter

antibiotics

37
Q

intraperitoneal bladder injury treatment?

A

laparotomy

38
Q

fracture of pubic rami injures what structure?

A

posterior urethra

39
Q

butterfly perineal haematoma is seen in what?

A

urethral injury

40
Q

urethral injury investigation?

A

retrograde urethrogram

41
Q

urethral injury treatment?

A

suprapubic catheter

delayed reconstruction

42
Q

penile fracture treatment?

A

prompt exploration and repair

circumcision incision with degloving of penis to expose all 3 compartments

43
Q

testicular injury investigation?

A

USS to assess integrity / vascularity

44
Q

testicular injury treatment?

A

early exploration/repair improves testis salvage, reduces convalescence, better preserves fertility and hormonal function

45
Q

indications for imaging?

A

frank haematuria
shock
penetrating injury
NOT blunt trauma

Renal & Urology (22 decks)

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