US HISTORY II Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
black codes
A
laws some southern states designed to maintain white supremacy by keeping freed people impoverished and in debt
2
Q
carpetbagger
A
term used for northerners working in the South during Reconstruction; it implied that
these were opportunists who came south for economic or political gain
3
Q
Compromise of 1877
A
the agreement between Republicans and Democrats, after the contested election of
1876, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for withdrawing the last of
the federal troops from the South
4
Q
crop-lien system
A
a loan system in which store owners extended credit to farmers for the purchase of
goods in exchange for a portion of their future crops
5
Q
Freedmen’s Bureau
A
the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, which was created in
1865 to ease blacks’ transition from slavery to freedom
6
Q
Ironclad Oath
A
an oath that the Wade-Davis Bill required a majority of voters and government officials in
Confederate states to take; it involved swearing that they had never supported the Confederacy
7
Q
Ku Klux Klan
A
a white vigilante organization that engaged in terroristic violence with the aim of
stopping Reconstruction
8
Q
Radical Republicans
A
northern Republicans who contested Lincoln’s treatment of Confederate states and
proposed harsher punishments
9
Q
Reconstruction
A
the twelve-year period after the Civil War in which the rebel Southern states were
integrated back into the Union
10
Q
Redeemers
A
a term used for Southerner whites determined to roll back the gains of the reconstruction
11
Q
ten percent plan
A
Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, which required only 10 percent of the 1860 voters in
Confederate states to take an oath of allegiance to the Union
12
Q
Union Leagues
A
fraternal groups loyal to the Union and the Republican Party that became political and
civic centers for blacks in former Confederate states
13
Q
What was Lincoln’s primary goal immediately
following the Civil War?
A
reunifying the country
14
Q
In 1864 and 1865, Radical Republicans were
most concerned with ________.
A
securing civil rights for freed slaves
15
Q
What was the purpose of the Thirteenth
Amendment? How was it different from the
Emancipation Proclamation?
A
The proclamation did not clarify the statuses of slaves that were to be freed. The amendment clarified this and made do on the promises within the proclamation
16
Q
Which of the following was Not one of the functions of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
A
collecting taxes
17
Q
Which person or group was most responsible
for the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment?
A
Radical Republicans in Congress
18
Q
What was the goal of the black codes?
A
To maintain the social and economic culture of the enslaved south without actual slavery.
19
Q
Under Radical Reconstruction, which of the
following did former Confederate states
not
need
to do in order to rejoin the Union?
A
revise their state constitution
20
Q
The House of Representatives impeached
Andrew Johnson over ________.
A
the Tenure of Office Act
21
Q
What were the benefits and drawbacks of the
Fifteenth Amendment?
A
It helped secure the rights of black men to vote, which the fourteenth amendment could not promote. But it excluded language about poll taxes and literacy tests, which the southerners most often used to prevent black men from voting.
22
Q
Which of the following is
not
one of the
methods the Klu Klux Klan and other terrorist
groups used to intimidate blacks and white
sympathizers?
A
petitioning Congress
23
Q
Which of the following was the term
southerners used for a white southerner who tried
to overturn the changes of Reconstruction?
A
redeemer
24
Q
Why was it difficult for southern free blacks
to gain economic independence after the Civil
War?
A
Many laws like the black codes were passed to keep blacks from becoming equals to the whites in the south.
25
How do you think history would have been different if Lincoln had not been assassinated? How might
His leadership after the war differed from that of Andrew Johnson?
I do not think he would have been impeached like Johnson was. And he probably would not have antagonized against the already indignant radical republicans. I’m not sure if the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment would have been made, though. Who knows.
26
Was the Thirteenth Amendment a success or a failure?
I think it was somewhat successful because it set up the basis for the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. The emancipation proclamation, to the 13th, to the 14th, to the 15th. It clearly began freeing the slaves.
27
Consider the differences between the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. What does the
Fourteenth Amendment does that the Thirteenth does not?
The 13th only talks about freeing the slaves, but the 14th starts to clarify the rights of a freedman. It gives protection under both federal and state law.
28
Consider social, political, and economic equality. In what ways did Radical Reconstruction address
and secure these forms of equality? Where did it fall short?
It created several amendments and notified the rights of freedmen. But it did not stop the loopholes which the South exploited and created further laws to harm the ex-slaves.
29
Americanization
the process by which an Indian was “redeemed” and assimilated into the American
way of life by changing his clothing to western clothing and renouncing his tribal customs in exchange
for a parcel of land
30
Battle of Wounded Knee
an attempt to disarm a group of Lakota Sioux Indians near Wounded Knee,
South Dakota, which resulted in members of the Seventh Cavalry of the U.S. Army opening fire and
killing over 150 Indians
31
bonanza farms
large farms owned by speculators who hired laborers to work the land; these large farms
allowed their owners to benefit from economies of scale and prosper, but they did nothing to help small
family farms, which continued to struggle
32
California Gold Rush
the period between 1848 and 1849 when prospectors found large strikes of gold in
California, leading others to rush in and follow suit; this period led to a cycle of boom and bust through
the area, as gold was discovered, mined, and stripped
33
Comstock Lode
the first significant silver find in the country, discovered by Henry T. P. Comstock in
1859 in Nevada
34
Exodusers
a term used to describe African Americans who moved to Kansas from the Old South to
escape the racism there
35
Fence Cutting War
this armed conflict between cowboys moving cattle along the trail and ranchers who
wished to keep the best grazing lands for themselves occurred in Clay County, Texas, between 1883 and
1884
36
las Gorras Blancas;
the Spanish name for White Caps, the rebel group of Hispanic Americans who fought
back against the appropriation of Hispanic land by whites; for a period in 1889–1890, they burned farms,
homes, and crops to express their growing anger at the injustice of the situation
37
Manifest Destiny
the phrase, coined by journalist John O’Sullivan, which came to stand for the idea that
white Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle the American West with Protestant
democratic values
38
Sand Creek Massacre
a militia raid led by Colonel Chivington on an Indian camp in Colorado, flying
both the American flag and the white flag of surrender; over one hundred men, women, and children
were killed
39
sod house
a frontier home constructed of dirt held together by thick-rooted prairie grass that was
prevalent in the Midwest; sod, cut into large rectangles, was stacked to make the walls of the structure,
providing an inexpensive, yet damp, house for western settlers
40
Which of the following does
not
represent a
group that participated significantly in westward
migration after 1870?
former Southern slaveholders seeking land
and new financial opportunities
41
Which of the following represents an action
that the U.S. government took to help Americans
fulfill the goal of western expansion?
the passage of the Homestead Act
42
Why and how did the U.S. government
promote western migration in the midst of
fighting the Civil War?
It was in part because of the fear that the Confederates would go out west and make the empty land used with slaves.
43
What specific types of hardships did an
average American farmer
not
face as he built his
homestead in the Midwest?
hostile Indian attacks
44
What accounts for the success of large,
commercial “bonanza farms?” What benefits did
they enjoy over their smaller family-run
Counterparts?
The development of the technology made it possible for these farms to grow wheat with 20,00 excess acres of land. But smaller farms struggled because it cost about $1000 dollars to build a farm.
45
How did everyday life in the American West
hasten equality for women who settled the land?
They worked tirelessly just like the men, and this made them viewed as equal partners as opposed in the east.
46
Which of the following groups was
not
impacted by the invention of barbed wire?
illegal prostitutes
47
The American cowboy owes much of its model
to what other culture?
Mexicans
48
How did mining and cattle ranching transform
individual “get rich quick” efforts into “big
business” efforts when the nineteenth century
came to a close?
The development of settlements. The invention of barbed wire. Regular wages for miners.
49
Which of the following was
not
a primary
method by which the American government dealt
with American Indians during the period of
western settlement?
appeasement
50
What did the Last Arrow pageant symbolize?
the final step in the Americanization
process
51
What brought the majority of Chinese
immigrants to the U.S.?
gold
52
How were Hispanic citizens deprived of their
wealth and land in the course of western
settlement?
land seizures
53
Compare and contrast the treatment of
Chinese immigrants and Hispanic citizens to that
of Indians during the period of western
Settlement.
While 25,000 Mexicans were offered citizenship after the Mexican American war, none of the Chinese immigrants were ever made citizens through naturalization. Mexicans were displaced from their land while the Chinese were kept from gaining any. Both tried to rebel and make claims for themselves, but racist laws denied them that.
54
Describe the philosophy of Manifest Destiny. What effect did it have on Americans’ westward
migration? How might the different groups that migrated have sought to apply this philosophy to their
individual circumstances?
It is the concept that God intended for the United states to rule the continent. And with incentive from the government, hundreds of thousands of people migrated west. Along with people from other countries arriving too. The gold rush made people think they could get rich quickly. Many were displaced from their homes and forced to move into remote areas.
55
Compare the myth of the “Wild West” with its reality. What elements of truth would these stories
have contained, and what was fabricated or left out? What was life actually like for cowboys, ranchers, and
the few women present in mining towns or along the cattle range?
There was not as much violence as the media portrays. While in certain unmanned towns, there were criminals who did commit murder and robbery, most of it was for ranching, mining, farming. Most of the women there were prostitutes, and most cowboys were single males in their twenties, nearly a third were latinos and blacks, set to hard work.
56
Haymarket affair
rally and subsequent riot in which several policemen were killed when a bomb
was thrown at a peaceful workers rights rally in Chicago in 1866
57
holding company
a central corporate entity that controls the operations of multiple companies by
holding the majority of stock for each enterprise
58
horizontal integration
method of growth wherein a company grows through mergers and acquisitions of similar companies
59
Molly Maguires
a secret organization made up of Pennsylvania coal miners, named for the famous Irish patriot, which worked through a series of scare tactics to bring the plight of the miners to public attention
60
monopoly
;the ownership or control of all enterprises comprising an entire industry
61
scientific management
mechanical engineer Fredrick Taylor’s management style, also called “stop-
watch management,” which divided manufacturing tasks into short, repetitive segments and encouraged factory owners to seek efficiency and profitability over any benefits of personal interaction
62
social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer’s theory, based upon Charles Darwin’s scientific theory, which held that society developed much like plant or animal life through a process of evolution in which the most fit and capable enjoyed the greatest material and social success
63
trust
a legal arrangement where a small group of trustees have legal ownership of a business that they operate for the benefit of other investors
64
vertical integration
a method of growth where a company acquires other companies that include all
aspects of a product’s lifecycle from the creation of the raw materials through the production process to the delivery of the final product
65
Anti-Imperialist League
a group of diverse and prominent Americans who banded together in 1898 to protest the idea of American empire building
66
dollar diplomacy
Taft’s foreign policy, which involved using American economic power to push for favorable foreign policies
67
Frontier Thesis
an idea proposed by Fredrick Jackson Turner, which stated that the encounter of European traditions and a native wilderness was integral to the development of American democracy, individualism, and innovative character
68
Open Door notes
the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be “open doors” in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the United States
69
Roosevelt Corollary
a statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region
70
Rough Riders
Theodore Roosevelt’s cavalry unit, which fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War
71
Seward’s Folly
the pejorative name given by the press to Secretary of State Seward’s acquisition of Alaska in 1867
72
sphere of influence
the goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreements
73
yellow journalism
sensationalist newspapers who sought to manufacture news stories in order to sell more papers
74
Bootlegging
a nineteenth-century term for the illegal transport of alcoholic beverages that became popular during prohibition
75
Expatriate
Someone who lives outside their home country
76
Flapper
a young, modern woman who embraced the new morality and fashions of the Jazz Age
77
Hollywood
a small town north of Los Angeles, California, whose reliable sunshine and cheaper production costs attracted filmmakers and producers starting in the 1910s; by the 1920s, Hollywood was the center of American movie production with five movie studios dominating the industry
78
Lost Generation
a group of writers who came of age during World War I and expressed their
disillusionment with the era
79
Model T:
the first car produced by the Ford Motor Company that took advantage of the economies of scale provided by assembly-line production and was therefore affordable to a large segment of the population
80
Moving assembly line
a manufacturing process that allowed workers to stay in one place as the work came to them
81
nativism
the rejection of outside influences in favor of local or native customs
82
Negro Nationalism
the notion that African Americans had a distinct and separate national heritage that should inspire pride and a sense of community
83
New morality
the more permissive mores adopted my many young people in the 1920s
84
Return to normalcy
the campaign promise made by Warren Harding in the presidential election of 1920
85
Scopes monkey trial
the 1925 trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in a public school; the trial highlighted the conflict between rural traditionalists and modern urbanites
86
Second Klu Klux Klan
unlike the secret terror group of the Reconstruction Era, the Second Ku Klux Klan was a nationwide movement that expressed racism, nativism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Catholicism
87
Teapot dome scandal
the bribery scandal involving Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in 1923
88
American Individualism
the belief, strongly held by Herbert Hoover and others, that hard work and individual effort, absent government interference, comprised the formula for success in the U.S.
89
Bank run
the withdrawal by a large number of individuals or investors of money from a bank due to fears of the bank’s instability, with the ironic effect of increasing the bank’s vulnerability to failure
90
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929, when a mass panic caused a crash in the stock market and stockholders divested over sixteen million shares, causing the overall value of the stock market to drop precipitously
91
Bonus Army
a group of World War I veterans and affiliated groups who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand their war bonuses early, only to be refused and forcibly removed by the U.S. Army
92
Clark Memorandum
Hoover’s repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary that justified American military intervention in Latin American affairs; this memorandum improved relations with America’s neighbors by reasserting that intervention would occur only in the event of European interference in the Western Hemisphere
93
Dust Bowl:
the area in the middle of the country that had been badly overfarmed in the 1920s and suffered from a terrible drought that coincided with the Great Depression; the name came from the “black blizzard” of topsoil and dust that blew through the area
94
Scottsboro boys
a reference to the infamous trial in Scottsboro, Alabama in 1931, where nine African American boys were falsely accused of raping two white women and sentenced to death; the extreme injustice of the trial, particularly given the age of the boys and the inadequacy of the testimony against them, garnered national and international attention
95
Smooth-Hawley Terrif
the tariff approved by Hoover to raise the tax on thousands of imported goods in the hope that it would encourage people to buy American-made products; the unintended result was that other nations raised their tariffs, further hurting American exports and exacerbating the global financial crisis
96
speculation
the practice of investing in risky financial opportunities in the hopes of a fast payout due to market fluctuations
97
robber baron;
a negative term for the big businessmen who made their fortunes in the massive railroad boom of the late nineteenth century
98
All of the following were among Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points EXCEPT
a partitioned Germany
99
Americans entered the First World War most directly as a result of which of the following?
The Germans resuming unrestricted submarine warfare
100
“We must be impartial in thought as well as in action, must put a curb upon our sentiments as well as upon every transaction that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another.”
The struggle referred to by President Woodrow Wilson in the quote above was the
First World War
101
Most African American soldiers participated in the First World War as
support personnel in combat areas
102
Which of the following is a correct statement about the United States at the close of the First World War?
It emerged as the world’s leading creditor nation. correct
103
American suffrage advocates’ support for the war effort during the First World War led to
adopting of women’s right to vote
104
Which of the following is true about the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?
It was a multilateral pact condemning recourse to war.
105
Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were associated with which of the following twentieth-century movements?
The Harlem Renaissance
106
The so-called Lost Generation of the 1920s included
Disillusioned American artists and writers who left the U.S. for Europe after World War I
107
The Klu Klux Klan (KKK) of the 1920s most differed from the KKK of the nineteenth century in that it
reflected prejudice and social discontent following a war.
108
Which of the following accurately describes the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s?
It favored immigration restrictions as well as White supremacy.
109
The presidential election of 1928, which pitted Herbert Hoover against Al Smith, was the first presidential election that
featured a Roman Catholic as a presidential candidate
110
Which of the following celebrated trials best illustrates the cultural conflict in the 1920’s between fundamentalism and modernism?
The John T. Scopes trial correct
111
carter doctrine
Jimmy Carter’s declaration that efforts to interfere with American interests in the Middle East would be considered a act of aggression and be met with force if necessary
112
Counterculture
a culture that develops in opposition to the dominant culture of a society
113
Deep throat
the anonymous source, later revealed to be associate director of the FBI Mark Felt, who supplied reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with information about White House involvement in the Watergate break-in
114
dixiecrats:
conservative southern Democrats who opposed integration and the other goals of the African American civil rights movement
115
detente
the relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union
116
Executive privilege
the right of the U.S. president to refuse subpoenas requiring him to disclose private communications on the grounds that this might interfere with the functioning of the executive branch
117
Identity politics
political movements or actions intended to further the interests of a particular group membership, based on culture, race, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender, or sexual orientation
118
Pentagon papers
government documents leaked to the New York Times that revealed the true nature of the conflict in Vietnam and turned many definitively against the war
119
Plumbers
men used by the White House to spy on and sabotage President Nixon’s opponents and stop leaks to the press
120
Silent majority
a majority whose political will is usually not heard—in this case, northern, white, bluecollar voters
121
Southern strategy
a political strategy that called for appealing to southern whites by resisting calls for greater advancements in civil rights
122
stagflation
high inflation combined with high unemployment and slow economic growth
123
Vietnamization
the Nixon administration’s policy of turning over responsibility for the defense of South Vietnam to Vietnamese forces
124
Yippies
the Youth International Party, a political party formed in 1967, which called for the establishment of a New Nation consisting of cooperative institutions that would replace those currently in existence
125
Contract america
a list of eight specific legislative reforms or initiatives that Republicans representatives promised to enact if they gained a majority in Congress in the 1994 midterm elections
126
Gender gap
the statistical differences between the voting preferences of women and men, with women favoring Democratic candidates
127
Green party
a political party founded in 1984 that advocates environmentalism and grassroots democracy
128
Heritage Foundation
a professional organization conducting research and political advocacy on behalf of its values and perspectives
129
HIV/AIDS
a deadly immune deficiency disorder discovered in 1981, and at first largely ignored by
politicians because of its prevalence among gay men
130
New right
a loose coalition of American conservatives, consisting primarily of wealthy business people and evangelical Christians, which developed in response to social changes of the 1960s and 1970s
131
Operation Desert Storm
the U.S. name of the war waged from January to April 1991, by coalition forces against Iraq in reaction to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990
132
Reaganomics
Ronald Reagan’s economic policy, which suggested that lowering taxes on the upper income brackets would stimulate investment and economic growth
133
START
a treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union that limited the number of nuclear warheads, ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers held by both sides
134
Vietnam Syndrome
reluctance on the part of American politicians to actively engage U.S. forces in a foreign war for fear of suffering a humiliating defeat
135
War on drugs
a nationwide political campaign to implement harsh sentences for drug crimes, which produced an explosive growth of the prison population
136
Al Quaeda
a militant Islamist group originally founded by Osama bin Laden
137
Bush doctrine
:the belief that the United States has the right to protect itself from terrorist acts by engaging in pre-emptive wars or ousting hostile governments in favor of friendly, preferably democratic, regimes
138
Boomerang generation
young people who must return to their parents’ home in order to make ends meet
139
Charter schools
elementary and secondary schools that, although funded by taxpayer money, are allowed to operate independently from some rules and regulations governing public schools
140
Civil unions
a civil status offered to gay and lesbian couples with the goal of securing the main privileges of marriage without granting them equal status in marriage
141
Credit default swaps
financial instruments that pay buyers even if a purchased loan defaults; a form of insurance for risky loans
142
Great recession
the economic recession that began in 2008, following the collapse of the housing boom, and was driven by risky and misleading subprime mortgages and a deregulated bond market
143
Greenhouse gases
gases in the earth’s atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, that trap heat and prevent it from radiating into space
144
Kyoto protocol
an international agreement establishing regulations designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the world’s industrialized nations
145
Obamacare
the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
146
Subprime mortgage
a type of mortgage offered to borrowers with lower credit ratings; subprime loans feature interest rates that are higher (often adjustable) than conventional mortgages to compensate the bank for the increased risk of default
147
taliban
a fundamentalist Muslim group that ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001
148
Tea party
a conservative movement focused primarily on limiting government spending and the size of the federal government
149
WMDs
weapons of mass destruction; a class of weapons capable of inflicting massive causalities and physical destruction, such as nuclear bombs or biological and chemical weapons
150
Big three
The nickname for the three heads of the allied powers, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
151
D-Day
June 6, 1944, the date of the invasion of Normandy, France, by British, Canadian, and American forces, which opened a second front in Europe
152
Double Vcampaign
a campaign by African Americans to win victory over the enemy overseas and victory over racism at home
153
Enola Gay
The plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima
154
Executive order 9066
the order given by President Roosevelt to relocate and detain people of Japanese ancestry, including those who were American citizens
155
Fascism
a political ideology that places a heightened focus on national unity, through dictatorial rule,
and militarism
156
internment
the forced collection of the West Coast Japanese and Japanese American population into ten relocation centers for the greater part of World War II
157
Matriel:
Equipment and supplies used by the military
158
Zoot suit:
a flamboyant outfit favored by young African American and Mexican American men
159
