Vaccines

Question 1

What are the aims of primary exposure vaccines?

Answer 1

Pre-expose patients to a vaccine so they will not develop the disease (e.g. polio)

Question 2

What are the aims of secondary exposure vaccines?

Answer 2

Control disease and minimise transmission of a pathogen

Question 3

Antigens in vaccines are usually which chemical type

Answer 3

Polysaccharides

Question 4

What the means of passive immunity? (2)

Answer 4

1) Mother to child

2) From another person (transfusion, IVIG)

Question 5

The rabies vaccine is active/passive immunity?

Answer 5

Passive (transfer of preformed antibodies)

Question 6

What are the advantages of passive immunity? (5)

Answer 6

1) Rapid
2) Post-exposure prophylaxis
3) Infeciton control
4) Can attenuate illness
5) Useful if live vaccine contraindicated

Question 7

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity? (5)

Answer 7

1) Short term protection
2) Short window to use
3) Blood product
4) Expensive
5) Risk of allergy

Question 8

The % of population which needs to be immunised for effective herd immunity is dependent upon which 2 factors?

Answer 8

1) Transmissiability of the pathogen

2) Social interaction of the herd group

Question 9

Herd immunity can be achieved if there is a pathogen reservoir, T/F?

Answer 9

False

Question 10

What is the % of population that needs to be immunised for herd immunity against measles?

Answer 10

90%

Question 11

What is Ro?

Answer 11

The number of infections that can result from 1 infection (a measure of infectivity)

Question 12

The polio is live/killed vaccine

Answer 12

Live

Question 13

Nasal flu vaccine is lived/killed?

Answer 13

Live

Question 14

MMR is a killed/live vaccine

Answer 14

Live

Question 15

Whole-cell pertussis & typhoid are which class of vaccine

Answer 15

Inactivated (killed organism)

Question 16

Diptheria and tetanus toxins are which class of vaccines?

Answer 16

Toxoids (Subunits)

Question 17

MenC and HiB are which class of vaccines?

Answer 17

Conjugate

Question 18

What are the contraindications to being vaccinated? (5)

Answer 18

1) Confirmed prophylaxis to a previous dose of the same vaccine
2) Severe latex allergy
3) Allergy to contents of vaccine (e.g. egg yolk in yellow fever vaccine
4) Evolving illness
5) Live vaccines not given in pregnancy or immunocomprimised status

Question 19

What vaccines are given in the UK at 2 months?

Answer 19

First doses: DTaP, IPV, HBV, HiB, MenB, rotavirus, PCV

Question 20

What vaccines are given in the UK at 3 months?

Answer 20

Second dose: DTaP, IPV, HBV, HiB, rotavirus

Question 21

What vaccines are given at 4 months?

Answer 21

Third dose: DTaP, IPV, HBV, HiB

Second dose: MenB, PCV

Question 22

What vaccines are given at 12-13 months?

Answer 22

Third dose: MenB, PCV
Fourth: HiB
First: MMR, MenC

Question 23

What vaccines are given at 3years 4 months to 5 years?

Answer 23

Second dose: MMR

DTaP, IPV boosters

Question 24

What vaccines are given between 2-12 years?

Answer 24

Flu vaccine

Question 25

Which vaccine is given between 12-18 years old?

Answer 25

Polio booster, tetanus-diphtheria

Question 26

Which vaccine is only given to girls aged 12-13 years?

Answer 26

HPV

Question 27

Which vaccine is given between 12-13 years?

Answer 27

MenACWY

Question 28

Which vaccine is given to all >65 year olds yearly?

Answer 28

Flu, PPV (pneumococcal)

Question 29

Which vaccine is given to 70, 71, 72, 78 and 79 year olds?

Answer 29

Zoster

Question 30

Diphtheria gram stain

Answer 30

Gram positive

Question 31

"White throat" causative agent

Answer 31

Diptherhia

Question 32

Meninogococcal disease is caused by which organism?

Answer 32

N. meningitidis

Question 33

What % of patients who develop meingococcal meningitis will have permanent neurological deficits?

Answer 33

10-15%

Question 34

What are the peak ages for developing meningococcoal meningitis?

Answer 34

<5 years old, 15-24 years.

Question 35

Where can N. meningitis be found as a reservoir in the human body?

Answer 35

Nasopharynx

Question 36

What are the 3 phases of vaccine testing?

Answer 36

1) Is it safe 2) Is it reactogenic (i.e. which dose is given) 3) Is it efficiacous and are there any rare reactions

Question 37

During which phase of vaccine testing is the appropriate dosage confirmed?

Answer 37

Phase II

Question 38

In the UK, which scheme is used to report adverse vaccine events?

Answer 38

Yellow Card Scheme

Question 39

What is "elimination" in a vaccine context? Give an example

Answer 39

Reduction to 0 the incidence of a disease in an area as a result of efforts with continued control in place. Example: neonatal tetanus.

Question 40

What is "eradication" in a vaccine context? Give an example?

Answer 40

Reduction to 0 in the incidence of a disease worldwide where no control interventions are required. Example: smallpox

Question 41

What is "extinction" in a vaccine context? Are there any examples?

Answer 41

Complete destruction of the incidence & reservoirs of a pathogen. No examples (smallpox does not count)

Question 42

What % of the world population are at risk of malaria infection?

Answer 42

40%

Question 43

Malaria kills a child in Africa how often?

Answer 43

Every 30 seconds

Question 44

When was the BCG vaccine introduced in the UK?

Answer 44

1953