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Jamie Cardiovascular Pathology > Valvular Heart Disease > Flashcards

Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main valvular lesions?

A

Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation

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2
Q

Which 2 valves open during systole?

A

Aortic and Pulmonary

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3
Q

Which 2 valves open during diastole?

A

Mitral and Tricuspid

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4
Q

Which valvular lesions can be heard during systole?

A

Aortic stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

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5
Q

Which valvular lesions can be heard during diastole?

A

Aortic regurgitation

Mitral stenosis

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6
Q

What are the 2 main causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

Congenital mitral stenosis

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7
Q

What are 4 clinical manifestations of mitral stenosis?

A 
Dyspnoea
Haemoptysis
Chest Pain
Hoarseness
Systemic embolisation
Infective Endocarditis
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8
Q

What are 3 signs of aortic stenosis you could find on examination?

A 
Mitral facies
JVP (prominent a-wave)
Apex beat - tapping and diastolic thrill
RV heave
Diastolic murmur between S2 and S1
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9
Q

What 2 non-imaging investigations would be done to identify valve lesions?

A

ECG

Cardiac catherisation

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10
Q

What 3 imaging investigations would be done to identify valve lesions?

A

CXR
ECHO cardiogram
Cardiac MRI

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11
Q

What 2 types of drug are used to treat mitral stenosis?

A

Diuretics

Anti-coagulation drugs (especially AF related ones)

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12
Q

What 2 surgical interventions can be performed on mitral stenosis?

A

Valvotomy (balloon or surgical)

Mitral valve replacement

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13
Q

What are 3 causes of mitral regurgitation

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease
Mitral valve prolapse
Infective endocarditis

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14
Q

What are the 3 clinical manifestations of acute mitral regurgitation?

A

Breathlessness
Pulmonary oedema
Cardiogenic shock

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15
Q

What are the 3 clinical manifestations of chronic mitral regurgitation? (and the 2 further manifestations due to AF)

A

Fatigue
Exhaustion
Right heart failure

(Dyspnoea or palpitations)

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16
Q

What are 5 observations you would make upon examination of a patient with mitral regurgitation?

A 
Pulse - reduced in heart failure
JVP - prominent in RH failure
Apex beat - brisk and hyper-dynamic
RV heave
Systolic murmur - between S1 and S2
17
Q

What 2 drugs should been given to treat acute mitral regurgitation?

A

Dobutamine

IABP

18
Q

What 2 surgical interventions can be performed on mitral regurgitation?

A

Mitral valve apparatus repair

Mitral valve replacement

19
Q

What are the 2 causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Rheumatic - commissures fuse

Atherosclerosis of the cusps

20
Q

What is symptomatically significant about aortic stenosis?

A

It has a low asymptomatic phase

21
Q

What are 4 cardinal symptoms of aortic stenosis?

A

Chest pain
Syncope
Breathlessness on exertion
Heart failure

22
Q

What are 5 observations you would make upon examination of a patient with aortic stenosis?

A 
Pulse - small volume and slow rising
JVP - prominent in RH failure
Apex beat - vigorous and sustained
RV heave
Systolic murmur
23
Q

What treatment do you give to a patient with aortic stenosis?

A

No treatment unless they develop heart failure

24
Q

What 2 surgical interventions can be performed on aortic stenosis?

A

Aortic valve apparatus repair

Aortic valve replacement

25
Q

What 4 conditions can cause aortic regurgitation?

A 
Marfans syndrome - dilated aorta
Hypertension - dilated Aorta
Connective tissue disorders
Bicuspid aortic valve
Rheumatic heart disease
Endocarditis
26
Q

What is symptomatically significant about aortic regurgitation?

A

Long asymptomatic phase

27
Q

What is a clinical manifestation of chronic aortic regurgitation?

A

Breathlessness on exertion

28
Q

What are 4 observations you would make upon examination of a patient with aortic regurgitation?

A

Pulse - large volume and collapsing
Wide pulse pressure
Apex beat - displaced and hyper-dynamic
Diastolic murmur

29
Q

What treatment can be given to delay timing for surgical intervention of aortic regurgitation?

A

Vasodilator therapy

30
Q

What 2 surgical interventions can be performed on aortic regurgitation?

A

Aortic valve apparatus repair

Aortic valve replacement

Jamie Cardiovascular Pathology (17 decks)

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