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Cell Bio Exam 3 > Vascular Biology III > Flashcards

Vascular Biology III Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the wall of the blood vessel respond to changes in stress?

A

Changes in stress drive transformational changes in the wall of the blood vessel to normalize wall stress

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2
Q

What happens to stress with elevated blood pressure or increased flow?

A

Increase in vascular wall stress

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3
Q

What happens to stress with a drop in blood pressure or decreased flow?

A

Decrease in vascular wall stress

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4
Q

Does the response to pressure depend on the position of the blood vessel in arterial heirarchy?

A

YES

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5
Q

What is the change in response to high flow?

A

Increase in the outside diameter and an increase in luminal diameter

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6
Q

What is the change in response to low flow?

A

Decrease in the outside diameter and a decrease in luminal diameter

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7
Q

How do large arteries respond to an increase in pressure?

A

Outward hypertrophy

vessel becomes larger in diameter as wall becomes thicker and diameter of lumen remains unchanged

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8
Q

How do small arteries respond to an increase in pressure?

A

Inward hypertrophy

outside diameter remains unchanged as wall becomes thicker and diameter of the lumen decreases

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9
Q

How do arterioles respond to an increase in pressure? (3 ways)

A 
1) inward hypertrophy
OR
2) inward (eutrophic) remodeling
OR 
3) rarefaction
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10
Q

Describe inward remodeling?

A

wall thickness and wall diameter decrease due to prolonged stimulation by NE and ANG II which induces activation of ROS dependent activation of MMPs

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11
Q

What is rarefaction?

A

vessels disappear

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12
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

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13
Q

Which layer of the heat corresponds to the tunica intima of blood vessels?

A

Endocardium

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14
Q

What layer of blood vessels does the myocardium correspond to?

A

Tunica media

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15
Q

What layer of the heart does the tunica adventitia correspond to?

A

Epicardium

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16
Q

What are the three types of cardiocytes found in myocardium?

A

1) Contractile
2) Myoendocrine
3) Specialized conductive

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17
Q

What are the four layers of the endocardium?

A

1) Endothelium and its basal lamina
2) Subendothelial layer
3) Myoelastic layer
4) Subendocardium

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18
Q

What type of cells are found in the endothelium of the endocardium ?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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19
Q

What is found in the myoelastic layer of the endocardium?

A

elastic and collagen fibers

smooth muscle cells

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20
Q

Name the four components of the subendocardium of the endocardium?

A

1) loose connective tissue
2) small blood vessels
3) nerve fibers
4) Purkinje cells or fibers (ventricles only)

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21
Q

Where are Purkinje cells found?

A

Subendocardium layer of endocardium in ventricles

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22
Q

What are the secretions of the myoendocrine?

A

Atrial natriuretic factor and B type natriuretic factor (ventricles)

Results in diuresis and vasodilation

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23
Q

What is elevated in CHF?

A

B type natriuretic factor is elevated in CHF

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24
Q

What are the layers of the epicardium?

A

Mesothelium and basal lamina

Subepicardium

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25
What type of cells would you find in the mesothelium?
simple squamous epithelium
26
What is the dense connective tissue where cardiac muscle and valves are anchored?
Cardiac Skeleton
27
What are the structures of the cardiac skeleton?
annuli fibrosa trigona fibrosa septum membranaceum
28
What are the cardiac valves composed of?
three major layers sandwiched between layers of endothelium
29
What are the layers of the AV valves?
Atrialis Spongiosa Fibrosa
30
Describe the atrialis layer of the AV valve.
Layer of elastic and collagen tissue subjacent to endothelium of the atrial surface
31
What is the purpose of the atrialis.
Help to contract valve
32
Which layer of the AV valve serves as a shock absorber?
Spongiosa
33
Describe the spongiosa layer of AV valve?
middle layer of loose CT that serves as a shock absorber
34
Where is the fibrosa layer of AV located?
subjacent to endothelium of ventricular surface
35
What layer of the AV valves and pulmonic valves serves as mechanical integrity?
the core of denser irregular collagenous tissue known as the fibrosa
36
What are the three layers of the semilunar valves?
Fibrosa Spongiosa Ventricularis
37
Which is the middle layer of the semilunar valves?
spongiosa
38
Where is the fibrosa layer located in the semilunar valves?
subjacent to the endothelium of aortic or pulmonic surface
39
Describe the ventriuclaris layer of the semilunar valves.
Layer of elastic and collagen tissue subjacent to endothelium of ventricular surface
40
Do cusps receive blood supply?
NO cusps are generally avascular BUT base of cusp contains small blood vessels and smooth muscle
41
What is the most common cause of mitral valve prolapse?
Myxomatous degeneration of AV valve due to increased deposition of dermatan sulfate leading to a "FLOPPY VALVE"
42
Which valves have a larger fibrosa layer and why?
Semilunar valves because the pressure difference is greater than in AV valves
43
In which patients does calcified degeneration of the aortic valve most often occur?
most often occurs in patients with atherosclerotic risk factors
44
Is the conduction tissue of the heart nerve tissue?
NO it is specialized cardiac muscle cells
45
Which cells are larger: SA node cells or atrial muscle cells?
Atrial muscle cells SA node cells also contain fewer myofibrils
46
What is responsible for the decrease in resting heart rate seen with aging?
Humans lose 90% of their SA nodal cells by the age of 80 This reduction explains the decrease in resting heart rate as we age due to a slowing of conduction velocity and voltage loss
47
What type of cells are found in the AV bundle/bundle of His?
Pukinje cells traveling in the endocardium
48
How are purkinje cells connected to the muscle cells?
gap junctions
49
Describe purkinje cells.
1) Twice the diameter of cardiac muscle cells. 2) Few myofibrils 3) Abundant glycogen 4) 1 or 2 nuclei per cell
50
Do cardiomyocytes regenerate?
YES the entire muscle mass of the heart regenerates 11-15 times in a lifetime
51
Where are cardiac stem cells (CSC) and early committed cells (ECC) located?
CSCs and ECCs have been identified in the AV sulcus They can migrate from AV sulcus to the site of injury
52
Can necrotic myocardium be reconstituted?
Animal studies have shown that CSCs and ECCs can be activated to reconstitute necrotic myocardium
53
What can CSCs and ECCs differentiate into?
cardiomyocytes smooth muscle cells endothelial cells
54
What does the lymphatic vascular system empty into?
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct eventually left subclavian vein
55
Describe a lymphatic capillary.
Thin blind-ended vessel Lined by a single layer of endothelial cells Have anchoring microfibrils
56
Do lymphatic capillaries have a basal lamina?
Basal lamina is incomplete or absent
57
Do lymphatic capillaries have pericytes or smooth muscle cells?
pericytes and smooth muscle cells are absent
58
How do lymph vessels compare to veins?
Both have valves No RBCs in lymph Lymph have thinner walls
59
Can smooth muscle be found around lymph vessels?
YES around the bigger vessels and medium-sized vessels
60
What is LYVE-1?
A specific lymphatic endothelial marker which can be used as a prognostic indicator for malignant spread of tumors
61
What causes mitral valve vegetations and Aschoff body formation?
Rheumatic fever caused by streptococcal pharyngitis These morphologic changes are due to antibodies cross-reacting with self-antigens in the heart and T cell-mediated reactions
62
What is an Aschoff body?
A focus of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages

Cell Bio Exam 3 (11 decks)

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