Flashcards in Vascular Disease 1- Leah (6)- Arteriosclerosis* Deck (53):
1
List the three layers of an arterial wall.
What are they comprised of?
1) intima, made up of endothelium (blood/ tissue barrier)
2)Media, made up of Muscle "M"
3) Adventitia, made up of CT, nerves, vasa vasorum
*adventitia is outermost*
2
Describe the function of the vasa vasorum:
Supplies blood to the outer 1/2 --> 2/3 of a vessel
3
List the four types of arteries:
1. elastic
2. muscular
3. small arteries (less than 2mm diameter)
4. arterioles
4
Describe elastic artery properties.
Which arteries are classified as elastic?
-Large arteries that actively expand and contract (recoil) at systole and diastole
-Elastic, hence rich in elastic tissue
-Aorta and its large braches are elastic
5
Describe muscular arteries.
Which arteries are classified as muscular?
-rich in smooth muscle
1. smaller aortic branches (carotids)
2. coronary
3. renal vessels
6
Function of arterioles:
-maintain TPR
-transition blood from pulsatile --> steady state as enters capillary bed
-reduce pressure and velocity of blood
7
Describe makeup of capillaries: wall, diameter, xs surface area?
-made up of intima/ endothelial cells only
(lacks adventitia and media)
-diameter of a single RBC
(smallest individual vessel types)
-largest overall cross sectional area of all vessel tpyes
8
Preferred site of inflammation in vasculature?
post capillary venules
9
Describe structure of veins: lumen? wall thickness? special features?
-large lumens
-thin walls
-have valves to direct flow (loss of valves = venous insufficiency/ varicose veins)
10
Describe structure of wall (1) and function of lymphatic vessels (3):
- Thin walled, endothelium lined
- Fxn: drain interstitial fluid
-disseminate disease*
-play a role in edema*
11
Normal function of endothelial cells in vessels (5):
-prevent thrombosis (maintain blood/ tissue interface)
-metabolize hormones
-regulate immune/ inflammatory processes
-modulate resistance
-affect growth of other cells (mostly SMCs)
**Most "biochemically" active vascular cells**
12
Normal function of SMCs in vessels (3):
***VASCULAR REPAIR:
-synthesize ECM/ CT***
-migration/ proliferation
-contraction/ dilation
**Most "physically" active vascular cells.
13
How might tight endothelial junctions be loosened in the vasculature (2)?
What is the result?
-HTN or HISTAMINE most commonly loosen tight junctions.
-Result: EDEMA--> loss of leukocytes, proteins, and/or electrolytes
14
Basic definition of activation and dysfunction of endothelial cells:
Gaining some inducible property
(activation - good property; dysfunction- bad property)
*Not easy to distinguish the two processes, not testable
15
Describe abilities that an endothelial cell may gain during activation (4)
-production of adhesive molecule
-cytokines
-coagulants/ anticoagulants
-vasoactivators etc.
16
Describe abilities that an endothelial cell may gain during dysfunction:
adhesive/ thrombogenic properties
17
List three disease processes that involve endothelial cell dysfunction:
1) Hypertension
2) Thrombus
3) Atherosclerosis
18
Describe three events that may lead to vascular smooth muscle injury:
1. mechanical (angioplasty)
2. immunologic (i.e. transplant arteriosclerosis)
3. multifactoral (atherosclerosis)
19
"neointimal formation" may be used to describe?
"new intima" --> intimal thickening; a response to injury
20
Result of intimal thickening:
some stenosis and occlusion, but less so than atherosclerosis
21
What are three steps of intimal thickening after injury is induced?
1) recruitment of SM--> intima either from adjacent tissue or circulating precursors
2) SMC mitosis and proliferation
3) SMC elaborate intimal ECM; create new CT
22
Compare and contrast SMCs in normal vasculature vs during intimal thickening
-During intimal thickening, SMCs are in a *PROLIFERATIVE* state, located in the intima
-In a normal vessel, SMCs are in a *CONTRACTILE* state, located in the media
23
Define arteriOsclerosis.
What are three types?
"Hardening of the arteries"- blanket term that includes:
1- atherosclerosis
2- arteriOLOsclerosis
3- Monckeberg medial sclerosis
24
Arteriolosclerosis effects what vessels?
What are the causes of arteriolosclerosis?
-small arteries and aterioles (usually renal)
-caused by HTN and DM
25
What are two types of arteriOLOsclerosis?
What are their causes?
-HYALINE
(mild chronic HTN, DM)
-HYPERPLASTIC thickening/ onion skinning
(malignant hypertension)
26
Monckeberg medial stenosis:
What is it and in what population is it observed?
- benign ring calcifications found in muscular arteries
- media layer
- elderly population
- may be palpable or visible on Xray (pipestem appearance)
- Does NOT lead to occlusion of vessels
*Common benign finding on mammogram*
27
Cause of 50% deaths in the western world?
atherosclerosis
28
Atherosclerosis effects what types of arteries?
Arteriolosclerosis?
Who gets atherosclerosis?
-Atherosclerosis = elastic and muscular
-ArteriOLOsclerosis = aterioles and small arteries
*Old men + post menopausal women, esp w. genetic risk*
29
Function of LDL and HDL
LDL (bad): transports cholesterol to tissue
HDL (good): transports cholesterol out of tissue and into the liver for biliary excretion
30
Dietary way to reduce LDL
Omega-3-FAs, statins
31
Surpising way to
1)lower
2)increase
HDL:
-EtOH may INCREASE GOOD FAT/HDL!! (Yay beer!)
-Statins may decrease HDL
32
By how much does smoking increase the risk of Ischemic HD? HTN? DM?
smoking 1 ppd- doubles IHD risk
HTN- increasesd IHD risk by 60%
DM- doubles risk of MI (induces hypercholesterolemia)
33
How is inflammation related to atherosclerosis?
-Along with cholesterol, it leads to plaque formation
(^MMP-->Destabilize plaque--> rupture--> ^ disease)
-CRP* (acute phase reactant) levels are indicative of MI, stroke, and PVD risk
34
How is hyperhomocystinuria related to atherosclerosis (3)?
-assc with CAD, PVD, stroke like inflammation
35
How is metabolic syndrome (prediabetes/ biscuit poisoning) related to atherosclerosis (3)?
Induces:
-HTN
-dislipidemia
-proinflammatory state
36
Major hypothesis for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis:
"response to injury hypothesis"
(Chronic inflammatory and healing response of arterial wall to endothelial injury)
37
Three general steps of plaque formation:
HTN, hypercholesteremia, or hyperglycemia-->
1. ENDO INJURY-->
2. VASCULAR PERMEABILITY + LEUKOCYTE ADHESION-->
3. FAT ACCUMULATION + THROMBOSIS
38
6 detailed steps of plaque formation
1) VASCULAR PERM--> lipoproteins enter vessel intima
2) MONOCYTES enter intima and subendothelium
3) MONOCYTES convert to MQs --> FOAM CELLS
4) PLATELETS stick to endothelium + recruit SMC
5) SMCs proliferate + produce ECM
6) LIPIDS (cholesterol/ esters) continue to accumulate in ECM and within cells
39
Where are plaques most commonly observed?
ostia of branching vessels due to turbulence
40
What are fatty streaks?
-earliest atherosclerotic plaques
-seen as early as age 1yoa and always by 10yoa
-composed of only foam cells in the intima of vessels
41
three
layers of a mature plaque:
-intima (thickened)
-fibrous cap
-necrotic center/ lipid core
**media uneffected by disease process**
42
What does a plaque contain (cells, fat, ECM)?
-Cells: SMCs, MQs, T cells = chronic inflammation
-Fat: cholesterol and cholesterol esters
-ECM: fibrin, proteoglycans, CT
43
What is the fibrous cap of a plaque made up of (3)?
SMCs, collagen, inflammatory cells
44
Top five sites for atherosclerotic plaque
#1: abdominal aorta
2-coronaries
3-popliteal
4-internal carotids
5-circle of willis
45
Four plaque "change" types:
1. acute (which consists of three subtypes)
2. massive calcification/patchy (loss of elasticity)
3. aneurysm (plaque weakens wall)
4. atheroembolism (possible infarct)
46
What are the three acute changes assc with plaque formation?
1. RUPTURE/ fissure
(releases plaque contents --> thrombosis)
2. EROSION/ ulceration
(exposes plaque BM --> thrombosis)
3. HEMORRHAGE into plaque (expands volume)
47
What makes plaque hemorrhage possible?
neovascularization at plaque shoulders
48
Describe CRITICAL stenosis and 4 consequences:
-small artery occlusion--> O2 demand>>>O2 supply--> INTERMITTENT PROCESSES:
-angina (AT LEAST 70% occlusion)
-claudication
-chronic ischemic disease
-bowel ischemia
49
What is the most common cause of MI
thrombosis caused by plaque rupture or erosion
50
How does vasoconstriction contribute to ischemic injury?
- may be a response to ruptured plaques
- can cause a partial occlusion-->complete occlusion
51
Describe vulnerable plaques that are likely to undergo acute changes:
What makes them so vulnerable?
Do they typically cause critical stenosis?
Why are they clinically important?
-THIN fibrous cap + THICK necrotic center*--> ^MMPs + Inflammation--> ^ Likelihood rupture
-Usually DO NOT cause critical stenosis--> ASYMPTOMATIC until rupture--> unexpected EMERGENCY
**common cause unexpected/sudden cardiac death is rupture of previously non-critical plaque**
52
4 Important modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis:
1. Hyperlipidemia
2. HTN
3. Cigarette smoking
4. DM
53