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General Pathology > Vascular Disorders & Thrombosis 2 > Flashcards

Vascular Disorders & Thrombosis 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiologic response at the site of blood vessel injury to seal the injured vessel and prevent blood loss

A

Normal hemostasis

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2
Q

What are the three general components involved in hemostasis?

A

Platelets, clotting factors, endothelium

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3
Q

Hemostasis mediated by platelets

A

Primary hemostasis

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4
Q

Hemostasis mediated by clotting factors

A

Secondary hemostasis

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5
Q

What are the two possible outcomes of failed hemostasis?

A

Blood loss (hemorrhage) or inappropriate clot formation (thrombosis)

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6
Q

What is the purpose of arteriolar vasoconstriction in the hemostasis process?

A

To reduce blood flow to the injured area

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7
Q

What is the purpose of “primary hemostasis” in the hemostasis process?

A

To form the primary hemostatic plug

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8
Q

How do platelets respond to the exposure of subendothelial von Willebrand factor (vWF)?

(5 steps)

A

Through adhesion, shape change, granule release, recruitment, and aggregation

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9
Q

What is done during primary hemostatic coagulation testing?

A
  • Blood smear evaluation and platelet count
  • Buccal mucosal bleeding time (to see how long it takes for primary clot to form)
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10
Q

What is the purpose of “secondary hemostasis” in the hemostasis process?

A

To deposit fibrin and form a secondary hemostatic plug

(mediated by: the coagulation cascade)

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11
Q

What process does secondary hemostasis follow?

(4 steps)

A
  • Tissue factor (TF) release
  • Coagulation factor activation (involving TF and platelet phospholipid)
  • Thrombin activation
  • Fibrin polymerization
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12
Q

Which pathway is associated with coagulation factor VII?

A

Extrinsic

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13
Q

Which pathway is associated with coagulation factors XII, XI, IX, and X?

A

Intrinsic

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14
Q

Which pathway is associated with coagulation factors X, V, II, and I (fibrinogen)?

A

Common

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15
Q

What are the (4) vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors assessed during coagulation assays (PT, aPTT)?

A

II, VII, IX, and X

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16
Q

Which anticoagulant substance is found in lavender-top blood tubes, and inhibits clotting by removing/chelating calcium from the blood?

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

17
Q

What is the purpose of “anti-thrombotic counter-regulation” in the hemostasis process?

A

To limit the size of the hemostatic plug

(mediated by: tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and thrombomodulin)

18
Q

Describe what occurs during the fibrinolytic system.

A

Plasminogen is activated into plasmin by t-PA, and plasmin breaks fibrin down into fibrin degradation products (FDPs) or fibrin-derived D-dimers

19
Q

Increased _____ indicates increased fibrinolysis - examples include disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or blood clot formation

A

FDP

20
Q

Degradation products of insoluble cross-linked fibrin that are more specific than FDPs as an indicator of blood clot formation and fibrinolysis - examples include DIC or recent thrombus formation

A

D-dimers

21
Q

Which anticoagulant substance is found in light blue-top blood tubes, and inhibits clotting by chelating calcium and preventing the coagulation cascade?

A

Sodium citrate

22
Q

Anticoagulant properties of the endothelium:

Thrombomodulin receptors bind thrombin, which activates the ______ C /______ S complex to inhibit factors Va and VIIIa.

(Same word for both spaces!)

A

Protein

23
Q

Anticoagulant properties of the endothelium:

Heparin-like molecules activate ____________ ____, which inhibits thrombin and factors Xa and IXa.

A

Antithrombin III (also abbreviated to ATIII)

24
Q

Anticoagulant properties of the endothelium:

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) inhibits factor ______.

A

VIIa

25
Q

Procoagulant properties of the endothelium:

Injured endothelium releases ____ ____________ factor to stimulate platelet adhesion and ________ factor to promote thrombus formation.

A

Von Willebrand; tissue

26
Q

Which anticoagulant substance is found in green-top blood tubes, and inhibits clotting by activating antithrombin?

A

Heparin

27
Q

A type of “pinpoint” hemorrhage

A

Petechia

28
Q

A type of hemorrhage that occurs in a focal, confined space

A

Hematoma

29
Q

A type of hemorrhage where blood accumulates in the pericardial sac

A

Hemopericardium

30
Q

A type of hemorrhage where blood accumulates in the peritoneal cavity

A

Hemoperitoneum

31
Q

A type of hemorrhage where blood accumulates in the thoracic cavity

A

Hemothorax

General Pathology (10 decks)

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