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Microbes and You > Viral Diversity L4 > Flashcards

Viral Diversity L4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a virus

A

obligate intracellular parasite

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2
Q

what can’t a virus do

A
  • Can’t grow or replicate by itself
  • Can’t respire (generate energy, ATP)
  • Can’t make protein (no ribosomes)
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3
Q

what does a virus need to make virus particles

A

Need to get into a living host cell to reproduce and uses the cells machinery, virus redirects the cell to make virus particles

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4
Q

how are the human gut gene content in microbial and viral communities compared

A

Stool homogenized in buffer; particulate matter spun
Supernatant filtered, remove cells; VLPs were purified on a CsCl density gradient, treated with nuclease
Absence of bacterial cells confirmed nucleic acids
Can isolate the bacterial component and viral component can then be quantified, amplified and sequenced

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5
Q

why is the supernatant treated with nuclease

A

to eliminate unprotected DNA

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6
Q

how is the absence of bacterial cells in comparing gene content confirmed

A

by staining VLP preparations for nucleic acids

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7
Q

can viruses reproduce

A

yes but not independently

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8
Q

do viruses need energy to survive or sustain existence

A

can survive as a unit without, but can’t sustain existence as a species through replication

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9
Q

do viruses have the ability to grow

A

not independently

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10
Q

can viruses metabolise

A

no it uses host cell metabolism

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11
Q

can viruses respond to stimuli

A

not directly, via host cell apparatus

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12
Q

can viruses adapt to the environment

A

yes, via the host cell apparatus

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13
Q

can viruses move

A

not directly, only via host/host cell

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14
Q

can viruses respire

A

no, uses energy made by host cell

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15
Q

are viruses harmful

A
  • can be harmless, have no symptoms
  • can be beneficial e.g. evolution, gene therapy
  • can be harmful e.g. cancer, autoimmune diseases
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16
Q

do bacterial cells have a nuclear membrane

A

no

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17
Q

do bacterial cells have membrane bound organelles

A

no

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18
Q

what do viruses infect

A

bacterial cells
archaeal cells
eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

what is transcription and translation of bacterial cells

A

Transcription and translation coupled different cell walls (gram negative & gram positive)

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20
Q

what are archaeal cells structure like

A

structural similarities to bacteria

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21
Q

what is the rRNA of archaeal cells like

A

rRNA more similar yo eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells

A

DNA replication, transcription in the nucleus

23
Q

where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm

24
Q

where are membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts

25
Q

what do eukaryotic cells - animals have

A

cell membranes

26
Q

what do eukaryotic cells - plants have

A

cell walls

27
Q

what are eukaryotic cells like

A

Unicellular, multicellular, macro-organisms

28
Q

what happens in virus replication - bacteriophage

A
  1. Virus attaches to host cell receptor
  2. Infects cytosol with bacterial DNA, virus needs a hole to inject nucleic acid into cytosol
  3. Makes more nucleic acids
  4. Proteins assemble into capsids
  5. Genomes and proteins synthesized and released e.g. lysis
29
Q

how does a virus inject the nucleic acid into cytosol

A

does this by reacting with the receptor

30
Q

how does a virus make more nucleic acids

A

DNA replication, make proteins

31
Q

what is a capsid

A

capsids structure of the virus that surrounds the nucleic acids

32
Q

what is persistent infection like

A

Slow release of virus without cell death, virus buds out of cell, doesn’t destroy it

33
Q

what is latent infection

A

e.g. HIV – virus is present but is not actively replicating, it replicates along with the host cell
Don’t see any presence of infection till much later – in future may revert to a lytic infection

34
Q

what is a lytic infection

A

AIDS

35
Q

are DNA viruses enveloped

A

can be non-enveloped or enveloped

36
Q

what is the DNA of a DNA virus like

A

can be single or double

37
Q

are RNA viruses enveloped

A

can be non-enveloped or enveloped

38
Q

what is the RNA of RNA viruses like

A

Can only be single strand if enveloped

39
Q

what does the virion bind to

A

Virion structure binds to a receptor and dictates the tropism and entry mechanism

40
Q

what are the steps that a viruses enters a host

A
  1. Direct penetration
  2. Membrane fusion
  3. Endocytosis
41
Q

what happens in direct penetration when viruses enter host

A

capsid squirt viral genome into host cell
Non- enveloped only
(bacteriophage most ssRNA)

42
Q

what happens in membrane fusion when viruses enter host

A

outside of glycoprotein can fuse with host cell, release nucleic acid incorporated into nuclear capsid, capsid is un-coded and releases genome
Enveloped only

43
Q

what happens in endocytosis when viruses enter host

A

whole virus is encapsulated into cytoplasmic membrane

Enveloped and non-enveloped

44
Q

what happens in viral diversity

A

different virus features enable survival, growth and replication in different hosts with different effects

45
Q

what are the RNA genomes of viral genome like

A

No double stranded RNA genomes

46
Q

what is the viral genomes segments like

A

Can be continuous or segmented, humans have segmented as we have chromosomes

47
Q

what are viral genes like

A

Viral genes can be sequential or overlapping, can have splicing – multiple genes within a single transcript

48
Q

what does the viral genome structure dictate

A

dictates location and mechanism of replication

49
Q

what is the dsDNA of eukaryote viral genome use

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerase

50
Q

if eukaryotic viral genome unique what happens

A

need to be encoded by the virus genes as not supplied by host

51
Q

what are the enzymes from nucleic acid encoded by

A

Enzymes from nucleic acid replication and protein synthesis mostly encoded by host
some encoded by virus
(including double strand RNA dependent RNA polymerase and ss RNA dependent RNA polymerase)

52
Q

what does dsRNA of eukaryote viral genome use

A

dsRNA dependent RNA polymerase

53
Q

what does +RNA and -RNA of eukaryotic viral genome use

A

ssRNA dependent RNA polymerase

Microbes and You (14 decks)

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