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NUR 325 Patho > Visual and sensory > Flashcards

Visual and sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Eyelid=

A

Hordeolum or Sty

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2
Q

Conjunctiva=

A

conjunctivitis (pink eye)

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3
Q

Cornea=

A

keratitis

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4
Q

Tear ducts=

A

dry eye disorder

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5
Q

what is Hordeolum (sty)

A

Infection of the oil-producing gland in the lid margin

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6
Q

what is bacteria causes hordeolum

A

Staph aureus

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7
Q

presentation of eye with hordeolum

A

red
swollen
tender

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8
Q

treatment of hordeolum

A

warm compresses 3-4 times a day

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9
Q

what should you no do with hordeolum

A

Do not squeeze or pop the sty, can spread the infection

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10
Q

what is Conjunctivitis “pink eye”

A

infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva (eyelid)

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11
Q

what is the etiology of Conjunctivitis “pink eye” (4)

A

bacterial
viral
chlamydia
irritants (allergies)

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12
Q

Conjunctivitis “pink eye” BACTERIAL TREATMENT

A

Usually self-limiting
Antibiotic drops can shorten the course

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13
Q

Conjunctivitis “pink eye” VIRAL TREATMENT

A

Topical steroids provide temporary relief

Antivirals are ineffective

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14
Q

Conjunctivitis “pink eye” CHLAMYDIA TREATMENT

A

Oral antibiotics, however, some infections resistant

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15
Q

Conjunctivitis “pink eye” ALLERGIC TREATMENT

A

Artificial tears, topical antihistamines, or steroids

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16
Q

what is keratitis

A

inflammation or infection of the cornea

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17
Q

what may keratitis also involve

A

the conjunctiva

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18
Q

etiology of keratitis

A

Bacteria- contact lens wearers higher risk
Treat with antibiotics (topical, injection, IV)

Amoeba- contaminated contact lens
Treat with antifungal drops, often resistant

Viral- herpes virus
Antiviral eye drops

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19
Q

complication of keratitis

A

corneal ulcer

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20
Q

what is a corneal ulcer

A

constant feeling of something in your eye

extremely painful

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21
Q

S/S of corneal ulcer

A

photophobia
discharge
redness

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22
Q

what happens if a corneal ulcer goes untreated

A

can lead to blindness

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23
Q

what is Keraconjunctivitis sicca

A

dry eye disorder

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24
Q

etiology of Keraconjunctivitis sicca

A

aging
Sjogren’s syndrome (SLE)
other systemic diseases

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25
common complaint of Keraconjunctivitis sicca
sand in my eye
26
treatment for Keraconjunctivitis sicca
May need artificial tears Cyclosporine eye drops can also be helpful
27
risk factors for cataracts
Older age Eye trauma Congenital risk Diabetes Corticosteroid use Smoking and ETOH consumption
28
what are cataracts
cloudy lens
29
cataracts onset
gradual onset of painless blurry vision
30
what happens if cataracts are left untreated
may end in blindness
31
Cataract manifestations (7)
Painless Uni- or bilateral vision changes Blurry Halo around lights Altered color perceptions Glare issues at night Decreased accommodation
32
treatment for cataracts
laser eye treatment
33
most common type of retinopathy
diabetic retinopathy
34
2 types of retinopathy
nonproliferative proflierative
35
What is nonproliferative retinopathy
Capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate Macular edema- plasma leaks from macular blood vessels Capillaries rupture, leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging
36
what is proliferative retinopathy
All from nonproliferative PLUS Advanced retinopathy New blood vessels are fragile and leaky
37
What is hypertensive retinopathy
high blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels
38
Are there initial vision changes with hypertensive retinopathy
NO
39
what happens if hypertensive retinopathy is sustained
severe HTN can cause sudden visual loss related swelling of the optic disc and nerve
40
How do you restore normal vision with hypertensive retinopathy
treatment of the the HTN
41
what is retinal detachment
retina has tear or leak Vitreous humor flows behind the retina Rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid
42
T/F retinal detachment is usually spontaneous
TRUE
43
Who is retinal detachment more likely to occur in
people who have myopia ppl over 40 Traumas to the head such as eye tumors or complication or history of cataract surgery
44
Clinical manifestations of detached retina (4)
SUDDEN, unilateral vision loss Painless May see floaters Flashes of light
45
Age related macular degeneration is most common cause of what
irreversible vision loss in people over 60 in the US
46
2 types of Age related macular degeneration
Dry (non-exudative)- most common, 90% of cases Wet (exudative)- only 10%
47
Etiology of macular degeneration
retinal aging
48
risk factors for macular degeneration
Family history, genetics, UV light, hyperopia (farsightedness, cant see close) smoking, light-colored eyes
49
what can be a protective factor for macular degeneration
Dark green, leafy vegetables protective
50
Describe dry macular degeneration
Yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium
51
Describe Wet macular degeneration:
Growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina
52
early symptoms of macular degeneration
usually no symptoms
53
later symptoms of macular degeneration (3)
Blurred, darkened vision Blind spots (scotomas) Distorted vision (metamorphopsia)
54
what are the limitations of macular degeneration
vision does not impove and treatment is limited.
55
T/F meds can be injected into the eye for macular degeneration
TRUE
56
2 types of glaucoma
open angle closed angle
57
what is glaucoma
elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) AND Vision changes OR Optic nerve damage
58
T/F Glucoma is a chronic condition
TRUE
59
T/F glaucoma usually only affects one eye
FALSE- affects bilateral eye involvement
60
Risk factors for Open-Angle Glaucoma (6)
Elevated IOP Age- older Race: African-Americans 3-4x higher risk Family history Myopia (Far objects Blurry) Diabetes, HTN, migraines
61
What is open angle galucoma
Abnormal trabecular meshwork Reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of Schlemm Imbalance between inflow and outflow
62
what is the result of open angle glaucoma
Results in increased IOP and vision problems
63
clinical manifestations of open angle glaucoma
None usually Progressive loss of sight Vague eye pain Halos around lights Tunnel vision
64
What is closed angle glaucoma
Abnormal angle between the iris and later cornea Outflow is blocked when the pupil is DILATED
65
what is closed angle glaucoma also known as
Acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) Narrow-angle glaucoma
66
Risk factors of closed angle glaucoma (6)
Asian American ethnicity Females Hyperopia (Farsightedness) Family history Older age
67
T/F Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an EMERGENCY
TRUE
68
What triggers Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Anticholinergic drugs
69
Clinical manifestations of Acute closed-angle glaucoma (8)
Typically UNILATERAL Other eye is at risk SEVERE eye pain Nausea and vomiting Blurry vision, halos Reddened eyes Dilated pupil– non-reactive to light Cloudy cornea
70
Patho of Glaucoma and blindness
Due to the increased IOP More pressure on inner eye structures Decreased blood flow to optic nerve Nerve fiber death blindness
71
What drug characteristics do we look for when treating galucoma
Drugs that DECREASE aqueous humor production INCREASE aqueous humor drainage Or both
72
What do we do for acute angle crisis
must treat with surgical intervention
73
Cautions with optic topical agents
Keep them localized use nasolacrimal pressure with instillation (prevents systemic effects) hold pressure for 2 minutes
74
2 Optic-Topical Beta-Blockers
timolol - nonselective betaxolol - B1 receptor
75
MOA of optic-topical beta blockers
Block sympathetic nervous system stimulation of beta receptors
76
Therapeutic use of optic-topical beta blockers
Open-angle glaucoma maintenance treatment If acute-angle closure– need drops asap and other interventions
77
Adverse effects of Topical optic beta blockers
Transient burning & discomfort If allowed to go systemic- can have systemic effects
78
contraindications for Topical optic beta blockers
Same as oral beta-blockers (non-selective versus beta 1)
79
patient teaching for Topical optic beta blockers
Must take– otherwise will progress to blindness Apply nasolacrimal pressure with instillation
80
Class of latanoprost (Xalatan)
Prostaglandin Analogs
81
MOA of latanoprost
increases outflow drainage of aqueous humor
82
indication for latanoprost
open-angle glaucoma ocular hypertension
83
adverse effects of latanoprost
Well-tolerated
84
Class of brimonidine (Alphagan)
alpha-adrenergic agonist
85
MOA of brimonidine
decreases AH production, may increase drainage/outflow
86
Indication of brimonidine
Used for open-angle glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure
87
Adverse effects of brimonidine
Burning/stinging Dry mouth Fatigue, H/A, blurred vision, hypotension
88
Class for dozolamide (Trusopt)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
89
Use of dozolamide
2nd line treatment for open-angle and increased IOP
90
MOA of dozolamide
decreased production of aqueous humor
91
Adverse effect of dozolamide
Stinging Bitter taste Allergic reactions (conjunctiva or lid reactions)
92
what is meniere disease
Episodic disorder of the middle ear
93
what is meniere disease also called
endolymphatic hydrops
94
Is meniere disease bilateral or unilateral
Can be both
95
clinical manifestations of meniere disease
recurring episodes of vertigo [usually with nausea & vomiting], hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and feeling of fullnes
96
Patho of Meniere Disease
Excessive endolymph and pressures in the membranes disrupt vestibular (balance) and hearing function
97
Treatment of meniere disease
Treatment is symptomatic

NUR 325 Patho (18 decks)

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