Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards by Denisse Tiangco

Daily required amount: 5000 IU

Occurs in animal tissue as retinol from carotenoids

Deficiency causes night blindness due to dec formation of retinal pigment

Deficiency causes abnormal epithelial growth:

scaliness and acne
failure and cessation of skeletal growth
atrophy of germinal epithelium of testes and interruption of female sexual cycle
keratoconjunctivitis

Vitamin A

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RDA: 1.5mg
Functions as carboxylase for decarboxylation of pyruvic acid and alpha keto acids
Deficiency causes dec utilization of pyruvic acid and AA and inc in FAT
CNS and PNS lesions due to dec glucose utilization and inc ketone utilization
Myelin degeneration
Weakens heart (cadiac failure)
GI disturbance

Vitamin B1 Thiamine

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Thiamine B1 deficiency:

Beri beri

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Polyneuritis
CV symptom heart failure
GI disorder

Beriberi

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Thiamine B1 def causes cardiac failure due to

peripheral vasodilation and high blood flow to heart
weakness of cardiac muscle

sx peripheral edema, ascites

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RDA: 20mg
Functions as coenzymes in form of NAD and NADP (hydrogen acceptors)
Deficiency results in dec oxidative delivery of energy in cells
Muscle weakness, poor gland secretion
CNS (dementia, psychoses)
Cracked, pigmented, scaly skin
Irritation and inflammation of mucus membranes
GI hemorrhage

Niacin B3

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Niacin B3 deficiency

Pellagra esp in corn diet due to lack of tryptophan (can be converted to niacin)
Canine disease (black tongue)

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RDA: 1.8mg
Combines with phosphoric acid to form two coenzymes: FMN and FAD flavin adenide (hydrogen carriers: NAD accepts H and passes to FMN or FAD)
Def causes dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle spasticity, weakness, coma, hypothermia, death
due to depressed oxidative process
GI disturbance, burning sensation of skin, cracking at mouth

Riboflavin B2

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RDA: 3 ug

Contains cobalt like iron
Hydrogen acceptor coenzyme reducing RNA to DNA for gene replication

Fxn:
Promote growth
Promote RBC formation, maturation
Demyelination of large nerve fibers in posterior columns and lateral column

Cobalamin B12

Needs intrinsic factor for absorption in ileum

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RDA: 0.4mg

Carrier of hydroxymethyl and formyl groups
Required for replication of cellular gene
Deficiency causes macrocytic anemia

Folic acid B9

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Most important use of folic acid is the synthesis of

purine and thymine

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RDA: 2mg
Coenzyme for chemical reactions related to AA and protein metab
Deficiency causes dermatitis, dec rate of growth, dev of fatty liver, anemia, mental deteriorism
Seizure, dementia, GI disturbance

Pyridoxine B6

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Most important role of Pyridoxine B6 in the body is as coenzyme in the

transamination process for synthesis of amino acid

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RDA: Unknown
Incorporated into coenzyme A for conversion of decarboxylated pyruvic acid into acetyl coA before citric acid cycle and degradation of FA molecules into acetyl CoA
Deficiency can lead to decreased metabolism of carbohydrates and fat
Retarded growth, graying of hair, fatty liver, hemorrhagic adrenocortical necrosis

Pantothenic Acid B5

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RDA: 45mg
Essential for activating enzyme:
Promotes hydroxylation step to form hydroxyproline
Deficiency leads to weak collagen fibers, scurvy (failure of wounds to heal), cessation of bone growth, blood vessel fragility

Vitamin C Ascorbic acid

prolyl hydroxylase

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Muscle cell fragmentation
Gum lesion
Loosening of teeth
Mouth infection
Vomiting of blood
Bloody stool
Cerebral hemorrhage

Scurvy

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RDA: 400 IU

Inc calcium absorption from GI tract and controls calcium deposition in bone
Active transport of calcium through epithelium of ileum

Vitamin D

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RDA: 15 IU

Antisterility vitamin: lack cause degeneration of germinal epithelium in testis, resorption of fetus after conception,
Deficiency prevents normal growth and degeneration of renal tubular cell and muscle cell

Vitamin E Tocopherol

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Vitamin E plays protective role in prevention of

oxidation of unsaturated fats

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RDA: 70 ug

Essential co factor to liver enzyme adds carboxyl group to factors II, VII, IX, X for coagulation
(Anti-Hemorrhagic Factor/Coagulation Factor)

Deficiency results retarded clotting
Lack of vitamin K comes from antibiotic use destroying producing bacteria in colon

Vitamin K

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Catalyst for many intracellular enzymatic reactions esp carbohydrate metabolism
ECF: 1.8 - 2.5 mEq/L

Magnesium

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Inc magnesium concentration effect:

CNS depression
Depressed skeletal ms contraction (weakness)

Calcium

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Low magnesium concentration:

CNS irritation
Peripheral vasodilation
Cardiac arrthymia

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Inc calcium concentration cause:

Cessation of heart contraction in systole

Mental depressant

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Inc calcium concentration:

spontaneous discharge of nerve fibers or tetany

Major anion of intracellular fluid

Phosphorus

Has ability to combine reversibly with many coenzyme systems for metabolic process

Phosphorus

Important in formation of hemoglobin | Essential for oxygen transport and oxidative operation

Best known trace element of body | Important in formation of T3 and T4

Iodine

Integral part of many enzymes esp carbonic anhydrase | Essential for carbon dioxide metabolism

Zinc

Component of lactic dehydrogenase | Important for interconversion bet pyruvic acid and lactic acid, peptidase protein digeestiob

Zinc

Supresses cariogenic process Deposited in hydroxyapatite crystals of tooth enamel and blocks function of trace metals for activation of bacterial enzyme

Fluorine

Excess intake of fluorine Mottled teeth Enlarged bones

Fluorosis | due to abnormal enzyme in odontoblast and osteoblast

Vitamin deficiency secondary causes

``` Inadequate absorption Impaired transport Increased requirement Increased loss or excretion Drugs ```

Kwashiorkor occurs due to impaired

retinol-binding globulin transport

Requires bile and pancreatic juice for absorption Transported to the liver via the lymph as Stored in various tissues Not normally excreted in the urine

Fat soluble Lipoproteins

Precursor of Vitamin A

Carotenes

Most effective provitamin A

Beta carotene

Vitamin A is important in the visual process as a constituent of the pigment

Rhodopsin

Vitamin A Deficiency

Xeropthalmia Keratomalacia (cornea) Nyctalopia/night blindness (impairment of dark adaptation, fubctional failure of the retina in the proper regeneration of rhodopsin) Infections due to substitution of stratified keratinizing in respiratory, alimentary, eyes and paraocular glands, genitourinary glands

Best food sources of Vitamin A

``` Butter, whole milk Fortified margarine Egg yolk Green and leafy vegetables Yellow fruits ```

CNS manifestations of Vitamin A Toxicity After chronic intake of more than 100,000u/day

Pseudotumor cerebri | Cranial nerves

Precursors of Vitamin D (Calciferol)

``` Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) vegetable origin Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) animal origin ```

Vitamin D promotes intestinal absorption of stimulates active transport of and mobilizes this mineral from the bone

Calcium Phosphate Calcium

Active form of Vitamin D

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

Converts Vitamin D to active form in the kidneys

Alpha hydroxylase

Craniotabes or softening of the cranial bones Widening of the costochondral junctions leads to rachitic rosary Harrison groove is a horizontal depression along the lower anteior chest due to pulling of the softened ribs by the diaphragm during inspiration

Rickets

Vitamin D Colecalficerol deficiency

Rickets (children) | Osteomalacia (adults)

Prevents the peroxidation of PUFA (antioxidant property)

Vitamin E Tocopherol

Enhances the activity of Vitamin A Serves as scavengers of oxygen free radicals

Vitamin E Tocopherol

Best food sources of Vitamin E

Vegetable oils

RDA of Vitamin E depends on PUFA content of the diet

7-9 mg (21 mg PUFA)

Teratogenic Needed by erythrocyte Selenium + Glutathione Antioxidant effect

Vitamkn E Tocopherol

Vitamin K from plants

Phylloquinone

Vitamin K from bacterial synthesis

Menaquinone

Vitamin K that is synthetic, fat soluble

Vitamin K

Essential co-factor for carboxylase which converts specific glutamic acid residues to precursor proteins to a new amino acid - gamma carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)

Vitamin K

Causes of Vitamin K deficiency leading to abnormal bleeding

Lipid malabsorption Destruction of intestinal flora by antibiotic therapy Liver disease

High risk population at risk of Vitamin K Deficiency

Newborn infants | Premature babies

Best food sources of Vitamin K

``` Green, leafy vegetables Liver Egg yolk Meat Dairy products ```

Components of essential enzyme complexes Have no precursor vitamin in general Do not require fat and bile for absorption Not normally stored in the body in appreciable amounts Readily excreted in the urine Needs to be replenshed often Rarely produces toxicity

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Forms of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

``` Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) Thiamin triphosphate (TTP) ```

Enzyme in uncooked fresh water fish and shellfish destroys 50% of thiamine

Thiaminase

Also contains anti-thiamine factor

Tea

Inhibits active transport of thiamine

Alcohol consumption

Nervous symptoms like headache, insomnia, dizziness

Dry beri beri

Presents with edema and effusion

Wet beri beri

Presents with cardiovascular symptoms like tachycardia and CHF

Acute pernicious beriberi

Inflammation of the lips “angular stomatitis” fissures of the corners of the mouth Scalings, greasiness, fissures in the folds of the ears and nose Results from deficiency of this vitamin

Cheilosis Vitamin B2 Riboflavin

Dermatitis Dementia Diarrhea Death Deficiency of Vitamin?

Pellagra Vitamin B3 Niacin

Diet includes corn as mainstay | Very low in niacin

Pellagra

This amino acid in corn is unavailable for absorption leading to pellagra

Tryptophan

Transamination Synthesis of GABA Deficiency leads to peripheral neuritis Isoniazid intake

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine

Addition or removal of CO2 | Synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids

Vitamin B7 Biotin

Protein in raw eggs that destroys biotin

Avidin

Constituent of Coenzyme A Part of Acetyl CoA Synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipid, steroid hormones, porphyrins

Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid

Synthesis of purines and thymine | Formation and maturation of RBC and WBC

Vitamin B9 | Folate, Folic acid, Folacin

Symptoms of folic acid deficiency

Megaloblastic anemia Mechanism due to altered DNA metabolism

Vitamin B12 requires these two for absorption

Castle’s intrinsic factor | Calcium

Transport of Vitamin B12

Transcobalamin

Transfer of methyl group in nucleic acid synthesis

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin

Vitamin B12 also affects formation of

Myelin

Megaloblastic anemia Glossitis Hypospermia GI symptoms Subacute degeneration of cerebral white matter, optic nerves, spinal cord, periphernal nerves

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin

Vitamin B12 is available exclusively from High risk population for Vitamin B12 defiency are

Animal food sources Strict vegetarian

Enhances absorption of iron

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid

Blocks degeneration of ferritin to hemosiderin Hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis Oxidation of phenylalanine to tyrosine Conversion of tryptophan to serotonin

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is important in collagen synthesis since it promotes

hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline

Follicular hyperkeratosis Swollen, inflamed gums Loosening of teeth Wounds fail to heal

Scurvy

Bluish, purple spongy swellings of the mucous membranes especially over the upper incisors Other symptoms: swollen joints, purpura and ecchymoses, poor wound and fracture healing X ray changes: distal ends of long bones with a ground-glass appearance

Scurvy

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

(89 cards)