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Biomed Board Exam > Vitamins and Supplements > Flashcards

Vitamins and Supplements Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol) USES

A
  • Vitamin A deficiency
  • Long-term chronic illness, liver disorders, intestinal malabsorption associated with chronic diarrhea or pancreatic disease, and surgical removal o the stomach.
  • Fruits, vegetables, liver, dairy foods
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2
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol) Deficiency

A

Night blindness, damage to mucous membranes, dry eyes, eye infections, and skin problems, failure of tooth enamel

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3
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol) Overdose (Acute and Chronic)

A 
Acute overdose: bleeding from gums, sore mouth, confusion or unusual excitement, diarrhea, drowsiness or dizziness, double vision, severe H/A, irritability, peeling skin, especially on lips and palms, severe vomiting.
Chronic overdose(with prolonged overuse): Drying and cracking of skin or lips, bone or joint pain, fever, general feeling of discomfort, increased sensitivity of skin to sunlight, increased urination, loss of appetite, hair loss, stomach pain, unusual fatigue, yellow-range patches on soles of feet, palms of hands, or skin around the nose and lips.
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4
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol) Actions

A

Vitamin A plays an essential role in preventing night blindness and in fostering proper growth and maintenance of the skin, bones, and reproductive organs.
- fat soluble

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5
Q

Vitamin D (Calciferol) USES

A
  • necessary for good health, and especially to maintain strong, healthy bones.
  • Vitamin D supplements are also often recommended to increase calcium absorption and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
  • best sources: fish and milk fortified with Vitamin D
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6
Q

Vitamin D (Calciferol) Deficiency

A
  • Rickets
  • Osteomalacia
  • Bead-like swelling where ribs fuse with cartilage of the sternum
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7
Q

Vitamin D (Calciferol) Overdose (Early and Advanced)

A

Early Sx: constipation (esp in children), diarrhea, dry mouth , increased thirst and frequency f urination, persistent headache, loss of appetite, metallic taste, nausea and vomiting, unusual fatigue.
Advanced Sx: bone and muscle pain, irregular heart beat, persistent itching, extreme drowsiness, mental changes. Severe Vitamin D toxicity may be fatal.

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8
Q

Vitamin D (Calciferol) Actions

A

Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium from the intestine and the utilization of calcium and phosphorus in the body.
Fat soluble

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9
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) USES

A

Vitamin E deficiency (rare)

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10
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • CNS changes
  • Liver degeneration
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11
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Actions

A

muscle maintenance
prevents oxidation of cellular components
- fat soluble

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12
Q

Vitamin K (Menadione) Actions

A
  • blood-clotting

- Source: Intestinal bacteria, liver

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13
Q

Vitamin K (Menadione) Deficiency

A
  • Blood-clotting deficiency (in newborns)
  • hemorrhage, ecchymosis
  • increased clotting time
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14
Q

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) USES

A
  • Vitamin B1 deficiency
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15
Q

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency

A
  • Beriberi
  • loss of appetite, vomiting
  • fatigue, irritability, sleep sx
  • decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia, nystagmus
  • peripheral neuropathy & cardiac enlargement
  • Red burning tongue
  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy
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16
Q

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Actions

A
  • coenzyme in cellular respiration

- found in liver, legumes, whole grain, yeast

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17
Q

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Uses and Actions

A
  • Vitamin B2 deficiency

- Coenzyme in cellular respiration (in FAD and FMN)

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18
Q

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency

A
  • Cracked lips/corners of mouth
  • dermatitis, glossitis
  • sore, magenta-colored tongue
  • personality shifts
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19
Q

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) USES and actions

A
  • niacin deficiency (pellagra)
  • required for the proper action of enzymes involved in energy metabolism.
  • Lowers blood lipids by partially blocking the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue and reducing the liver’s production of the triglygeride-carrying lipoprotein, very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
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20
Q

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency

A
  • Pellagra =4Ds - Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death
  • bright red, painful, swollen tongue
  • H/A, dizziness
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21
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) USES and Actions

A
  • Vit B6 deficiency
  • used to manufacture a substance required for the proper action of enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism
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22
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyrdoxine) Deficiency

A
  • Anemia, weakness, diarrhea, weight loss
  • irritability, depression, confusion, memory loss
  • Impaired antibody production, decreased immunity
  • Kidney stones
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23
Q

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin) Uses and Actions

A
  • B12 deficiency
  • Pernicious anemia
  • Coenzyme in formation of nucleic acids and proteins and in the red blood cell formation
  • Remember: Schilling’s Test
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24
Q

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin) Deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • poor resistance to infection
  • nerve regeneration (needed for myelin)
  • Loss of LE position sense
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25
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Uses and Actions

A
  • Vitamin C deficiency, Scurvy

- aids formation of connective tissues; prevents oxidation of cellular constituents

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26
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency

A
  • Weakness, aches & pain (scurvy)
  • Swollen/bleeding gums, nosebleeds
  • Bruising easily (petechiae), poor healing
  • Anemia
  • Decreased skeletal development in children
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27
Q

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Interactions

A

Drug interactions: Niacin + Statins can cause myositis (muscle inflammation) with muscle pain and tenderness.
Food Interactions: flushing when taken with hot food/drink
Disease Interactions: CI w/ hx of gout or peptic ulcer; use caution with diabetes, borderline high glucose levels, liver abnormalities

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28
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Interactions

A

Drug Interactions: used to treat toxicity from cycloserine and isoniazid.

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29
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A
  • mostly located in blood in fluid around cells

- helps the body keep fluids in a normal balance

30
Q

Sodium (Na+) Deficiency, Causes and Symptoms

A

Causes: Ketoacidosis, Diuretic use, KD disease, CHF, Vomiting/diarrhea
Symptoms: H/A, Confusion, Weakness, Lethargy, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea

31
Q

Sodium (Na+) Excess, Causes and Symptoms

A

Causes: Excess sweating, Hypothalamic, Diabetes, Hyperadrenalism
Symptoms: Increased thirst, oliguria, dry, flush skin; CNS-agitation; decrease deep tendon reflexes (DTR) & BP, Tachycardia, weak ,thready pulse

32
Q

Potassium (K+)

A
  • mostly located inside cells

- necessary for the normal functioning of cells, nerves, and muscles

33
Q

Potassium (K+) Deficiency, Causes and Symptoms

A

Causes: Vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic use, corticosteroid use
Symptoms: Muscle cramps, weakness, arrhythmia, vomiting, SOB, increased thirst, polyuria

34
Q

Potassium (K+) Excess, Causes and Symptoms

A

Causes: Diabetes, Adrenal insufficiency, urinary obstruction
Symptoms: mucle cramps, weakness, nausea, diarrhea, GI distress, ECG changes

35
Q

Calcium (Ca++)

A
  • 99% is stored in the bones, but cells (muscle) and blood also contain Ca++
  • Calcium is essential for: formation of teeth + bones, muscle contraction, normal fxning of many enzymes, blood clotting, normal heart rhythm
36
Q

Calcium (Ca++) Deficiency, Causes and Symptoms

A

Causes: Vitamin D deficiency, KD disease, Hypoparathyroidism
Sx: Paresthesia, muscle cramps, Increased deep tendon reflexes (DTR), slow mental processing, (+)Chvostek test, (+) Trousseau test

37
Q

Calcium (Ca++) Excess, Causes and Symptoms

A

Causes: Hyperparathyroidism, metastatic cancer, multiple myeloma
Sx: Muscle weakness; ataxia, deep bone pain, hypertension, renal dysfunction AV block on ECG, nausea, vomiting, constipation

38
Q

Phosphorus (P)

A
  • almost all is combined with oxygen to create phosphate
  • bone contains 85% and the rest is located in cells (involved in energy production)
  • phosphate is used for: formation of teeth and bone, building block for several substances. those used by the cells for energy, cell membranes, DNA
39
Q

Phosphorus (P) Deficiency, Causes and Sx

A

Causes: Hyperparathyroidism, Dietary
Sx: Intention tremor, ataxia, paresthesia, Decreased DTR, Muscle weakness, joint stiffness, bleeding disorder

40
Q

Phosphorus (P) Excess, Causes and Sx

A

Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, Hyperthyriodism, KD Disease
Sx: Increased BP, Increased Cardiac work, Risk of Decreased bone mineral density

41
Q

Magnesium (Mg++)

A
  • Bone contains half of the body’s magnesium (blood contains very little)
  • necessary for formation of bone and teeth and for normal nerve and muscle function
  • many enzymes depend on Mg++ to function
42
Q

Magnesium (Mg++) Deficiency, Causes and Sx

A

Causes: Dietary, diabetes mellitus, ETOH
Sx: Athetiod/choreiform movements, (+) Babinski sign, Nystagmus, (+)Chvostek test, (+)Trousseau test, HTN, tachycardia (arrhythmia)

43
Q

Magnesium (Mg++) Excess, Causes and Sx

A

Causes: Dietary
Sx: Diarrhea, Nausea

44
Q

Saw Palmetto, Uses and Actions

A
  • decreasing sx of an enlarged prostate (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, BPH)
  • shrinks inner lining of prostate that puts pressure on the tubes that carry urine
45
Q

Saw Palmetto, Cautions and CI, Interactions

A
  • pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • surgery, may slow blood clotting
    Interactions:
  • Birth Control Pill: can decrease the effect of estrogen
  • Estrogens: decreases levels of estrogen in the body
  • Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets drugs - might increase chance of bruising/bleeding
46
Q

Milk Thistle, Uses and Actions

A
  • Seasonal Allergies (allergic rhinitis)
  • Diabetes
  • Heartburn
  • Menopausal Sx
  • skin damage caused by radiation trx
  • might protect Liver cells from toxic chemicals and drugs
  • antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  • might enhance effects of estrogen
47
Q

Milk Thistle, Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • pregnancy, breastfeeding
  • allergy to ragweed and related plants
  • Diabetes
  • hormone sensitive conditions
  • medications changed by the Liver: Cytochrome P450 2C9; Glucuronidated Drugs - can increase or decrease medication efficacy
48
Q

St. John’s Wort

A
  • commonly used in depression and conditions associated with depression - anxiety, loss of appetite, tiredness, trouble sleeping
49
Q

St. John’s Wort, Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • Pregnancy, breastfeeding - can cause colic, drowsiness and listlessness in babies
  • children
  • infertility
  • ADHD, Schizophrenia, Major Depression, Alzheimers
  • Anesthesia, Surgery
50
Q

Sam E (S-Adenosyl Methionine)

A
  • depression
  • osteoarthritis
  • used to make certain chemicals in the body that play a role in pain, depression, liver disease, other conditions
51
Q

Sam E (S-Adenosyl Methionine), Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • Bipolar, parkinsons
  • surgery
  • breastfeeding, pregnancy
    Interactions:
  • Antidepressants - increases serotonin levels too much
  • MAOI
52
Q

5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan)

A
  • increases the production of serotonin
  • depression
  • fibromyalgia
53
Q

5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • Pregnancy and breast feeding
  • Down syndrome - can cause seizure
  • Surgery
  • CI: antidepressant drugs, MAOIs
54
Q

Melatonin

A
  • regulates the sleep-wake cycle
55
Q

Melatonin, Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • Pregnancy, breast-feeding - may interfere in ovulation
  • infants/children - may interfere in development
    Bleeding disorders - may make bleeding worse
  • HBP - can raise BP
  • Diabetes - night increase blood sugar
  • Depression - can make it worse
  • Seizure disorders - increase chance of seizure
  • Transplant recipients - can increase immune fxn, interfering with immunosuppressive therapy
    Interactions: CI:Sedative medications; Caution: Contraceptives, Caffiene (decreases melatonin), blood clotting meds, diabetes meds
56
Q

Wild Yam

A

Contains diosgenin, whic can be made into various steroids

used in menopausal symptoms

57
Q

Wild Yam Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • Pregnancy, breastfeeding - steroid implications
  • Hormone-sensitive conditions
    Protein S deficiency - increased risk of forming clots
58
Q

DHEA

A

“parent hormone” produced in adrenal glands near the kidneys in the liver.

  • in men: DHEA is secreted in testes and changed to androstenedione then into major male/female hormones
  • Aging skin
  • Depression
59
Q

DHEA, Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • possibly unsafe in larger amounts and long-term
  • pregnancy and breast-feeding - may case higher levels of androgen and can be harmful to baby
  • hormone sensitive cancer
  • Liver problems - may make it worse
  • Diabetes - influences how insulin works in body
  • Depression and mood disorders - can cause mania, irritability, sexual inappropriateness in people with mood disorders
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - can make it worse
  • Cholesterol Problems - may lower “good cholesterol”
60
Q

Glucosamine Sulfate

A
  • used to produce a variety of other chemicals that are involved in building tendons, ligaments, cartilage and the thick fluid that surrounds joints.
  • used for Osteoarthritis
61
Q

Glucosamine Sulfate, Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • some supplements are made from shellfish

- CI: Warfarin - can increase the effect

62
Q

Chondroitin Sulfate

A
  • chemical found in cartilage around joints in the body

- may slow breakdown in cartilage d/t osteoarthritis

63
Q

Chondroitin Sulfate, Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • blood clotting disorders - may increase risk of bleeding
  • Prostate cancer - may spread or cause recurrence
  • Caution: Warfarin
64
Q

Coenzyme Q-10

A
  • important vitamin-like substance required for the proper function of many organs and chemical reactions in the body.
    It helps provide energy to cells.
65
Q

Coenzyme Q-10, Cautions, CI, Indications

A
  • Chemotherapy - might lower effectiveness
  • High/low BP: night lower BP
  • Smoking - depletes coenzyme Q-10 stored by the body
  • Surgery - interferes with BP
    Interactions:
    Caution: chemptherapy, Antihypertensives, Warfarin
66
Q

Selenium

A
  • important for making many body processes work correctly

- increases the actions of antioxidants

67
Q

Selenium, Cautions, CI, Interactions

A
  • Autoimmune disease: might stimulate immune system
  • Fertility problems in men
  • skin cancer - long term use
  • hypothyroidism - can worsen with selenium

Interactions:

  • Anticoagulants/Antiplatelet drugs - may slow blood clotting
  • Statins
  • Niacin
  • Barbiturates
  • warfarin
68
Q

L-Glutamine

A
  • the most abundant free amino acid in the body and building block of protein
  • Burns, critical illness (trauma), treating weight loss and intestinal problems and people with HIV/AIDs disease
69
Q

Lysine

A
  • seems to prevent the herpes virus from growing
  • can increase how much calcium in the body absorbs. Taking calcium along with lysine can increase the amount of calcium on the body
70
Q

Choline

A
  • important in the nervous system

- night help decrease swelling and inflammation in asthma

Biomed Board Exam (1 decks)

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