Vocab

Question 1

ADH

Answer 1

Anti-diuretic hormone is released to signal to the kidneys to reabsorb water – in times of dehydration or low water in body

Question 2

Diuretic

Answer 2

To produce urine.

Question 3

Dilation

Answer 3

To open wider.

Question 4

Constrict

Answer 4

To narrow

Question 5

Kleptothermy

Answer 5

To huddle for warmth

Question 6

Vector

Answer 6

An organism that spreads a disease from one organism to another – but does not suffer from the disease.

Question 7

Metabolic

Answer 7

Chemical reactions that produce heat or energy

Question 8

Physiological

Answer 8

An internal function of a system or organ

Question 9

Pathogen

Answer 9

Something that causes disease or damage

Question 10

Correlation

Answer 10

How a variable effects another variable – often seen in data displays, variables are usually found on the graph axes

Question 11

Antibody

Answer 11

Proteins that are made by the immune system (B cells) to bind to pathogens and disable their pathogenic effect on the tissues or cells.

Question 11

Antigen

Answer 11

Is a molecular marker on a pathogen or foreign particle, it causes a specific immune response as an antibody will bind to it to disable the pathogen.

Question 12

B cell

Answer 12

B lymphocytes produce antibodies

Question 13

T cell

Answer 13

T lymphocytes

Question 14

Behavioural

Answer 14

A physical movement of an organism in response to the environment eg. To seek shade on a hot day.

Question 15

Action potential

Answer 15

Occurs when a neuron sends information down the axon – away from the cell body. It is like a pulse of electrical energy moving down the axon.

Question 16

Halophyte

Answer 16

Plant adapted to salty soil or conditions, adaptations include storing salt in the roots, extensive roots to increase potential water uptake, fewer and small stomata to reduce water loss.

Question 17

Mesophyte

Answer 17

Plant with many stomata, thin soft non-waxy leaves, these are adapted to moderate environments.

Question 18

Xerophyte

Answer 18

Plant that is adapted to dry hot conditions. Thick waxy cuticles, hard small leaves, few stomata, they can sometimes store water, have extensive root systems for uptake of water.

Question 19

Hydrophyte

Answer 19

Plant adapted to living in water. These plants have thin leaves with air spaces in them for buoyancy, stomata on the upper surface, thin soft leaves with no waxy cuticle.

Question 20

Stomata

Answer 20

Made of two guard cells, these open and close depending on the environmental conditions. Stomata are open in moist light conditions.

Question 21

Cuticle

Answer 21

The ‘skin’ of the leaf. This can be waxy to protect it from heat and water loss, or it can be soft when in aquatic or moderate environments.

Question 22

Booster

Answer 22

A vaccine to complement an initial or first vaccine. A booster is given after an initial vaccine to improve immunity.

Question 23

Serum

Answer 23

Immune serum is a protein that is found in the plasma (in blood), it is contains antibodies and is used to provide passive immunity for a variety of diseases (hep A, measles).

Question 24

Antibiotic

Answer 24

A medication that combats bacteria.

Question 25

Permeability

Answer 25

The ability for a membrane to let substances through it (like a sieve).

Question 26

Vacuole

Answer 26

A storage vesicle inside a cell – in plant cells these store water.

Question 27

Synapse

Answer 27

The space in between the axon terminal of one neuron, and the dendrites of the neighbouring neuron.

Question 28

Dendrite

Answer 28

The branch like endings that receive information from neighbouring neurons’ axon terminals.

Question 29

Axon

Answer 29

The long section between the neuron cell body and the axon terminals. It is made of Schwann cells and has an insulated myelin sheath so the electrical impulses (action potential) that travels down the axon is not interrupted.

Question 30

Myelin sheath

Answer 30

an insulated outer layer of fats, so the electrical impulses (action potential) that travels down the axon is not interrupted.

Question 31

Natural immunity

Answer 31

Immunity brought about naturally – can be passive (breastfeeding) or active (catching a cold). But both will increase immunity.

Question 32

Artificial immunity

Answer 32

Immunity brought about artificially – can be passive (blood serum treatment) or active (vaccination). Both increase immunity.

Question 33

MHC

Answer 33

Major Histocompatibility Complex, this is a special marker on the outside of a cell that helps the immune system recognize foreign substances (eg. A macrophage engulfs a bacteria, it partially digests it and then displays a marker on the outside to attract a T cell to come and destroy the pathogen), or to indicate that it is an uninfected healthy cell.

Question 34

homeostasis

Answer 34

The maintenance of any system – it is controlled through negative feedback, where any change is reversed to bring the system back to balance.

Question 35

Effector

Answer 35

The control centre that receives and then processes information from a receptor. The effector will bring about an effect! Either reversing the change, or enhancing it.

Question 36

Receptor

Answer 36

A receptor is a sensor – it detects a change in the internal or external environment. Eg. Chemoreceptors detect changes in pH of blood.

Question 37

Phagocytic

Answer 37

The process of engulfing a particle and digesting it – can be a free-living single cell like an amoeba, or in the human body it can be a white blood cell (macrophage)

Question 38

Prostaglandin

Answer 38

A group of fats that are made at sites of tissue damage/resemblance of injury, they mediate the inflammatory process. They are pro-inflammatory.

Question 39

histamine

Answer 39

A molecule that is pro-inflammatory. It promotes or enhances blood vessel changes (permeability/leaky and dilation/opening) and tissue changes (increased temp and fluids arriving at tissue effected), it can attract other molecules like phagocytic cells.