Vocab Flashcards
(95 cards)
0
Q
PNS- peripheral nervous system
A
Nerves on the peripheral parts of the body
1
Q
CNS - central nervous system
A
Nerves in the brain & spinal cord
2
Q
ANS - autonomic
A
- controls nerves you don think about
- heart rate
- contractions of stomach & intestines
- secretion if chemical compounds by glands
3
Q
Neuron
A
- Nerve cell
- no mitosis
- conduct impulses
4
Q
Glia cells
A
- act as “glue”
- Support cells
- mitosis
- holds functioning neurons together & protects them
5
Q
Schwann cells
A
- found in PNS
- wrapped around ONE axon
- form of glia cell
- form myelin sheaths
6
Q
SNS - somatic
A
•Controls nerves you think about
Aka voluntary
7
Q
Astrocyte
A
- large glia cells that look like stars
* branches attach to neurons and small blood vessels holding them together
8
Q
Blood brain barrier (BBB)
A
- It’s the 2 layer structure in astrocytes
* separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect brain tissue from chemicals in blood
9
Q
Microglia
A
- in degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge & move about
- act as microbe eating scavengers
- digest microbes into cytoplasm
- clean up cell damage
10
Q
Oligrodendrocytes
A
- Found in CNS
- hold nerve fibers together
- produce myelin sheath that surround nerve fiber
- wrap around several axons
11
Q
Sensory/ afferent neurons
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• transmits impulses to CNS
12
Q
Motor/efferent neurons
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•Transmits Impulses to PNS
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Interneuron
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•conduct impulses from sensory to motor neurons
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Q
Myelin
A
•white fatty substance formed by Schwann cells that wrap around some axons outside of CNS
15
Q
Nodes of ranvier
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•Spaces between Schwann cells
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Q
Glioma
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•Brain tumor developed from glia cells
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Q
Cell body
A
•Main part of a neuron in which dendrites and axons extend
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Q
Axon
A
•transmit impulses from cell body away
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Q
Dendrites
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•processes impulses to cell body
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Neurilemma
A
- outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell
- plays essential part in regenerating of injured axons
- CNS has no neurilemmas
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Q
Tracts
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•bundles of axons in CNS
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Q
White matter
A
Nerves covered w white myelin
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Grey matter
A
Tissue made up of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites
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Endoneurium
• thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue over axon
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Fascicles
Groups of endometrium aka wrapped axons
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Perineurium
Layer on top of fascicles aka group of endometrium
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Epineurium
Tough fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve
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Action potential
•route made up of neurons that conduct impulses
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Reflex arc
* allow impulse conduction in only one direction
| * a 2 neuron arc consists of sensory and motor neurons
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Receptors
•beginning of dendrites of sensory neurons
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Ganglion
A groups of nerve cell bodies located in PNS
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Synapse
Space separating axon ending from one neuron to another neurons dendrites
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Effector
* Organ that puts nerve signals "into effect"
| * effectors are muscles or glands
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Reflex
* the response to impulse conduction over a reflex arc
| * "knee jerk" response
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Withdrawl reflex
•a 3 neuron arc reaction
- include sensory, motor, and interneurons
• a reflex that causes muscles to pull away
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Polarization
A positive charge on outside & negative on inside
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Depolarization
Inside is positive & outside is negative
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Saltatory conduction
Impulse that jumps around the gaps in the myelin sheath on axons
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Presynaptic conduction
Where the impulse is first transmitted
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Postsynaptic
Where the impulse it transmitted to
| • aka the second neuron the impulse is transmitted to
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Synaptic knob
•a tiny bulge at the end of a branch on the axon of a presynaptic neuron
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Synaptic cleft
Space between synaptic knob & the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
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Neurotransmitter
Chemicals by which neurons communicate
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Acetylcholine
Released at some of the synapses in the spinal cord and neuromuscular junctions
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Norepinephrine
* Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla
| * release my sympathetic nervous system (SMS)
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Dopamine
Chemical neurotransmitter
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Serotonin
A neurotransmitter
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Catechism ones
* A group in which the compounds ; norepinephrine, dopamine, & serotonin belong to
* plays role in sleep, motor function, mood, and pleasure recognition
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Endorphins
* influence pain & perception
* a natural pain killer
* in CNS
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Enkephalins
Natural painkiller in CNS
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Nitric oxide
Diffuses directly across the plasma membrane of neurons
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Brainstem
Consists of the
•medulla oblongata
•pons
•midbrain
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Medulla oblongata
Consists of grey and white matter
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Reticular formation
Bits of grey and white matter mixed closely
| In the medulla
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Pons
Consists of white matter and scattered bits of grey
| In the brain stem
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Midbrain
Located above pons
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Cerebellum
* Second largest part of human brain
* arbor vitae
* plays part in movement
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Arbor vitae
* inside cerebellum
| * "living tree"
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Diencephalon
* located between midbrain & cerebrum
| * consists of hypothalamus and thalamus
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Hypothalamus
* located below thalamus
| * controls all internal organs
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Antidiuretic hormone
Affects the volume of urine excreted
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Thalamus
* above hypothalamus
* it produces and controls sensations
* plays a part in the arousal mechanism
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Pineal body
* resembles a small pine nut
| * receives sensory info
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Cerebrum
•largest and uppermost part of the brain
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Gyri
Ridges in the cerebrum
| Higher point
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Sulci
Deepest part of the ridged in cerebrum
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Corpus callosum
Connects two fissures in the brain (left and right halves )
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Cerebral cortex
Surface of cerebrum
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Basal nuclei
Produces automatic movements and postures
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Cerebral vascular accident
An injury that causes a hemorrhage of blood flow through the cerebral blood vessels.
Victim can't move the opposite side of body
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Spinal tract
Bundles of myelinated nerve fibers
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Anesthesia
Loss of sensation
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Paralysis
Loss of ability to make voluntary movements
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Meninges
Tough fluid containing membrane covering brain and spinal cord
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Dura mater
Tough outermost layer in spin cord
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Pia mater
Covers innermost membrane I'm spinal cord
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid between the meninges (pia & arachnoid)
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Ventricles
Irregular shapes of the brain
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Choroid plexus
Brain capillary where cerebral spinal fluid is filtered
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Hydrocephalus
Condition in which the cerebrospinal fluid goes on the brain
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Spinal nerves
Connect to brain and spinal nerves
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Plexus
When never fibers from several spinal nerves are reorganized to form a single peripheral nerve
Aka "braided" branching
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Dermatomes
Skin surface that is supplied by a single spinal nerve
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Sympathetic nervous system
* ANS
* produce changes in our bodies when we have strong emotions
* fight or flight response
* located in thoraculumbar system
* makes a heart beat faster
* several organs effected
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Autonomic neurons
Motor neurons that make up ANS
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Ganglia
"Junction boxes" that are terminated by axons
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Preganglion neuron
Conduct impulses between spinal cord and ganglion
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Autonomic/visceral effectors
Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
| •ex. Cardiac and smooth muscle etc.
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Sympathetic ganglion neurons
Synapses w postganglionic neurons
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Sympathetic post ganglionic neurons
Travel in spinal nerves to blood vessels sweat glands and arrector pili hair muscles all over body
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Fight or flight response
Sympathetic control
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Parasympathetic nervous system
* located in cranial sacral system
* stimulation frequently involves response by only one organ
* calms a person down
* one organ effected
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Cholinergic fibers
Axons that release acetylcholine
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Adrenergic fibers
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons
