Vocab Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What is power?
A
A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes.
2
Q
What is dependence?
A
B’s relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires.
3
Q
What is coercive power?
A
A power base that is dependent on fear.
4
Q
What is reward power?
A
Compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable.
5
Q
What is legitimate power?
A
The power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization.
6
Q
What is expert power?
A
Influence based on special skills or knowledge.
7
Q
What is referent power?
A
Influence based on possession by an individual of desirable resources or personal traits.
8
Q
What are power tactics?
A
Ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions.
9
Q
What is political skill?
A
The ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance one’s objectives.
10
Q
What is sexual harassment?
A
Any unwanted activity of a sexual nature tat affects an individual’s employment and creates a hostile work environment.
11
Q
What is political behavior?
A
Activities that are not required as part of a person’s formal role in the organization but that influence or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization.
12
Q
What are defensive behaviors?
A
Reactive and protective behaviors to avoid action, blame or change.
13
Q
What is impression management?
A
The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them.
14
Q
What is conflict?
A
A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about.
15
Q
What is traditional view of conflict?
A
The belief that all conflict is harmful and must be avoided.
16
Q
What is an interactionist view of conflict?
A
The belief that conflict is not only a positive force in a group but that it is also an absolute necessity for a group to perform effectively.
17
Q
What is a functional conflict?
A
Conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance.
18
Q
What is a dysfunctional conflict?
A
Conflict that hinders group performance.
19
Q
What is a task conflict?
A
Conflict over content and goals of the work.
20
Q
What is a relationship conflict?
A
Conflict based on interpersonal relationships.
21
Q
What is a process conflict?
A
Conflict over how work gets done.
22
Q
What is a dyadic conflict?
A
Conflict that occurs between two people.
23
Q
What is an intragroup conflict?
A
Conflict that occurs between two people.
24
Q
what is an intergroup conflict?
A
Conflict between different groups or teams.
25
What is conflict process?
A process that has five stages: potential opposition or incompatibility, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior and outcomes.
26
What is perceived conflict?
Awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
27
What is felt conflict?
Emotional involvement in a conflict that creates anxiety, tenseness, frustration or hostility.
28
What are intentions?
Decisions to act in a given way.
29
What is competing?
A desire to satisfy one’s interests, regardless of the impact on the other party to the conflict.
30
What is collaborating?
A situation in which the parties to a conflict each desire to satisfy fully the concerns of all parties.
31
What is avoiding?
The desire to withdraw from or suppress a conflict.
32
What is accommodating?
The willingness of one party in a conflict to place the opponent’s interests above his or her own.
33
What is compromising?
A situation in which each party to a conflict is willing to give up something.
34
What is conflict management?
The use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict.
35
What is negotiation?
A process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them.
36
What is distributive bargaining?
Negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win/lose situation.
37
What is fixed pie?
The belief that there is only a set amount of goods or services to be divvied up between the parties.
38
What is integrative bargaining?
Negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win/win solution.
39
What is BATNA?
The best alternative to a negotiated agreement; the least the individual should accept.
40
What is mediator?
A neutral third party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasoning, persuasion and suggestions for alternatives.
41
What is arbitrator?
A third party to a negotiation who has the authority to dictate an agreement.
42
What is conciliator?
A trusted third party who provides an informal communication link between the negotiator and the opponent.
43
What is an organizational structure?
The way in which job tasks are formally divided, grouped and coordinated.
44
What is work specialization?
The degree to which tasks in an organization are subdivided into separate jobs.
45
What is departmentalization?
The basis by which jobs in an organization are grouped together.
46
What is a chain of command?
The unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom.
47
What is authority?
The rights inherent in a managerial position to give orders and to expect the orders to be obeyed.
48
What is an unity of command?
The idea that a subordinate should have only one superior to whom he or she is directly responsible.
49
What is a span of control?
The number of subordinates a manager can efficiently and effectively direct.
50
What is centralization?
The degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in an organization.
51
What is formalization?
The degree to which jobs within an organization are standardized.
52
What is simple structure?
A structure characterized by a low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person and little formalization.
53
What is bureaucracy?
A structure with highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization, very formalized rules and regulations, tasks that are grouped into functional departments, centralized authority, narrow spans of control and decision making that follows the chain of command.
54
What is a matrix structure?
A structure that creates dual lines of authority and combines functional and product departmentalization.
55
What is virtual organization?
A small, core organization that outsources major business functions.
56
What is boundaryless organization?
An organization that seeks to eliminate the chain of command, have limitless spans of control and replace departments with empowered teams.
57
What is cost-minimization strategy?
A strategy that emphasizes tight cost controls, avoidance of unnecessary innovation or marketing expenses and price cutting.
58
What is imitation strategy?
A strategy that seeks to move into new products or new markets only after their viability has already been proven.
59
What is technology?
The way in which an organization transfers its inputs into outputs.
60
What is environment?
Institutions or forces outside an organization that potentially affect the organization’s performance.
61
What is mechanistic model?
A structure characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network and centralization.
62
What is organic model?
A structure that is flat, uses cross-hierarchical and cross-functional teams, has low formalization, possesses a comprehensive information network and relies on participative decision making.
63
What is an innovation strategy?
A strategy that emphasizes the introduction of major new products and services.
64
What is an organizational culture?
A system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations.
65
What is dominant culture?
A culture that expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization’s members.
66
What are core values?
The primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization.
67
What are subcultures?
Mini-cultures within an organization, typically defined by department designations and geographical separation.
68
What is strong culture?
A culture in which the core values are intensely held and widely shared.
69
What is an organizational climate?
The shared perceptions organizational members have about their organization and work environment.
70
What is an ethical work climate?
The shared concept of right and wrong behavior in the workplace that reflects the true values of the organization and shapes the ethical decision-making of its members.
71
What is an institutionalization?
A condition that occurs when an organization takes on a life of its own, apart from any of its members and acquires immortality.
72
What is socialization?
A process that adapts employees to the organization’s culture.
73
What is prearrival stage?
The period of learning in the socialization process that occurs before a new employee joins the organization.
74
What is encounter stage?
The stage in the socialization process in which a new employee sees what the organization is really like and confronts the possibility that expectations and reality may diverge.
75
What is metamorphosis stage?
The stage in the socialization process in which a new employee changes and adjusts to the job, work group and organization.
76
What are rituals?
Repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the key values of the organization, which goals are most important, which people are important and which are expendable.
77
What is a material symbols?
What conveys to employees who is important, the degree of egalitarianism top management desires, and the kinds of behavior that are appropriate.
78
What is a positive organizational culture?
A culture that emphasizes building on employee strengths, rewards more than punishes and emphasizes individual vitality and growth.
79
What is workplace spirituality?
The recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.
80
What is change?
Making things different.
81
What is planned change?
Change activities that are intentional and goal oriented.
82
What are change agents?
Persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing change activities.
83
What is unfreezing?
Changing to overcome the pressures of both individual resistance and group conformity.
84
What is movement?
A change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end state.
85
What is refreezing?
Stabilizing a change intervention by balancing driving and restraining forces.
86
What are driving forces?
Forces that direct behavior away from the status quo.
87
What are restraining forces?
Forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.
88
What is action research?
A change process based on systematic collection of data and then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate.
89
What is organizational development?
A collection of planned change interventions, built on humanistic-democratic values, that seeks to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being.
90
What is sensitivity training?
Training groups that seek to change behavior through unstructured group interaction.
91
What is survey feedback?
The use of questionnaires to identify discrepancies among member perceptions; discussion follows and remedies are suggested.
92
What is process consultation?
The use of questionnaires to identify discrepancies among member perceptions; discussion follows and remedies are suggested.
93
What is team building?
High interaction among team members to increase trust and openness.
94
What is intergroup development?
OD efforts to change the attitudes, stereotypes and perceptions that groups have of each other.
95
What is appreciative injury?
An approach that seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization, which can then be built on to improve performance.
96
What is innovation?
A new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or service.
97
What are idea champions?
Individuals who take an innovation and actively and enthusiastically promote the idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented
98
What is learning organization?
An organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change.
99
What is single-loop learning?
A process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies.
100
What is double-loop learning?
A process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.
101
What is stress?
A dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, a demand or a resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.
102
What are challenge stressors?
Stressors associated with work load, pressure to complete tasks and time urgency.
103
What are hindrance stressors?
Stressors that keep you from reaching your goals (red tape, office politics, confusion over job responsibilities).
104
What are demands?
Responsibilities, pressures, obligations and even uncertainties that individuals face in the workplace.
105
What are resources?
Things within an individual’s control that can be used to resolve demands.
106
What are wellness programs?
Organizationally supported programs that focus on the employee’s total physical and mental condition.
