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Flashcards in vocab Deck (44)
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1
Q

Denotative and connotational meanings

A
the literal (denotative) and associated (connotational)
meanings of words.
2
Q

figurative language

A

language used in a non-literal way in order to describe something in another’s terms (e.g. simile or metaphor).

3
Q

semantic field

A

groups of words connected by a shared meaning.

4
Q

synonyms

A

words that have equivalent meanings

5
Q

antonyms

A

words that have contrasting meanings

6
Q

hypernyms

A

words whose meanings contain other words : animal = dog, cat, fish

7
Q

hyponyms

A

words that can be included in a larger, more general category - e.g car,bus,aeroplane - TRANSPORT

8
Q

socioloect

A

language style associated with a particular social group

9
Q

morpheme

A

smallest grammatical unit - root or affix

10
Q

active voice

A

a clause where the agent of an action is the subject

11
Q

passive voice

A

a clause where the patient (the entity affected by an action) is in the subject position, and the agent either follows or is left out.

12
Q

irony

A

using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed.

13
Q

implicature

A

an implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken.

14
Q

speech acts

A

communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them, for example, apologies and promises.

15
Q

discourse markers

A

words, phrases or clauses that help to organise what we say or write (e.g. OK, So, “As I was saying…”).

16
Q

Adjuncts

A

non-essential elements of clauses (usually adverbials) that can be omitted (e.g. “I’ll see you in the morning”).

17
Q

Disjuncts

A

sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows (eg “Frankly, I’m appalled at what she said” or “Sadly, not one of them survived”).

18
Q

anaphoric reference

A

making reference back to something previously identified in a text (often using pronouns to refer to an already established reference point eg “The woman stood by the door. She made detailed notes of what she could see”)

19
Q

cataphoric reference

A

making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text. Eg “It was warm. It was living. It was Uncle George.”

20
Q

indescursivity

A

the use of discourses from one field as part of another (eg the use of science discourses in the selling of beauty products, or the use of commercial discourses in education)

21
Q

declarative sentences

A

make statements ‘i am hungry’

22
Q

interrogative sentences

A

ask questions

23
Q

imperative sentences

A

give direct commands ‘go make me a sandwich’

24
Q

noun phrase

A

a noun on its own, or in a group with it’s modifiers

25
Q

common noun

A

a naming word for something that is tangible / chair, penguin, man

26
Q

asbstract noun

A

a naming word for an idea, concept, state of being or belief / MARXISM, love, pain

27
Q

proper noun

A

a naming word for a specific example of a common noun - EIFFEL TOWER, LONDON, WAYNE ROONEY

28
Q

verb

A

a word that represents an action or process

29
Q

active verb

A

a word that represents a physical action - jump,run,kill,slap,kiss

30
Q

stative verb

A

a word that represents a process that’s often mental ‘think, feel, ponder, believe’

31
Q

auxiliary verb

A

a verb that is used with another verb in order to create present participles / future tense ‘DID you GO’ ‘i AM GOING’ ‘i WILL GO’

32
Q

modal verb

A

an auxiliary verb that creates a degree of neccesity or posibility

33
Q

adjective

A

a describing word, which modifies a noun

34
Q

adverb

A

a describing word that modifies all types of words EXCLUDING nouns

35
Q

superlative

A

an adjective which displays the most extreme value of it’s quality - MOST, BIGGEST, SMALLEST, WORST

36
Q

comparative

A

an adjective that relates things in one way or another

37
Q

elipsis

A

the omission of part of a grammatical structure eg ‘you okay?’ conveys a more casual tone

38
Q

elision

A

the omission or slurring of one or more syllables eg ‘gonna’ - it lowers formality and speeds up the interraction

39
Q

deixis

A

devices that ensure a listener knows what, where and to whom an utterance refers to ‘this, that, there’

40
Q

discourse markers

A

words and phrases that signal the relationship and connection between utterances ‘first, now, on the other hand’

41
Q

false start

A

when a speaker begins an utterance, then either repeats or reformulates it. It indicates self-correction and monitoring.

42
Q

hedges

A

vague words or phrases used to soften the force of how something is said ‘perhaps, maybe, sort of’ - indicates politeness, uncertainty and co operation

43
Q

phatic talk

A

formulaic utterances with stock responses used to establish or maintain personal relationships. Examples include: ‘How are you?’, ‘Fine, thank you.’ It indicates politeness and co-operation, and keeps conversation flowing.

44
Q

vague language

A

statements that sound imprecise and unassertive e.g. ‘and so on’, ‘whatever’, ‘and stuff’. Often indicates uncertainty and usually lowers formality.