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Ap Gov > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Balanced budget

A

When current government expenditures are equal to receipts

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2
Q

Bill of attainder

A

A law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair Hearing in court

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3
Q

Census

A

The official count of a population

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4
Q

Coalition buliding

A

The alliance of special interest groups with the purpose of achieving the same goal using both direct lobbying and Grassroots lobbying

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5
Q

Competitive federalism (new federalism)

A

Begun under Richard Nixon and known as a new federalism this approach stressed the downsizing of the federal government and more Reliance on revenue-sharing and grants

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6
Q

Concurring opinion

A

An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning

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7
Q

Constituent services

A

A member of Congress providing services to vote as much as a a member of Congress providing services to voters such as providing help with federal agencies, federal grants, and students who want to attend the u.s. military academics, who live in the district that representative or Senator serves

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8
Q

Debt ceiling

A

A limit on the total amount of money the federal government can legally borrow

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9
Q

Deficit spending

A

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

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10
Q

Direct lobbying

A

Attempts to influence a legislators vote through personal contact with the legislator

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11
Q

Dual federalism

A

A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain Supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for the some policies

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12
Q

Environmental protection agency (EPA)

A

The US Federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment

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13
Q

Equality of opportunity

A

The idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life

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14
Q

Executive order

A

A rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law

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15
Q

Federalist Papers

A

A series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay ( using the name “publius”) published in New York papers and used to convince readers to adopt the new constitution

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16
Q

Focus Group

A

A small group of individuals who are lead in discussion of my professional consultants in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues

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17
Q

Franking privilege

A

The ability of members to mail letters to constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage

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18
Q

Grassroots

A

People or Society at a local level rather than at the center of a major political activity

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19
Q

GDP

A

Gross domestic product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

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20
Q

Incorporation doctrine of the 14th Amendment

A

The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its Provisions applicable to the states through the 14th Amendment

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21
Q

Incumbent

A

The current office holder

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22
Q

Inflation

A

A general and Progressive increase in prices

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23
Q

Loose construction

A

A board interpretation of the Constitution, making the Congress has powers Beyond those specifically given in the Constitution

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24
Q

Media

A

Connect citizens to a group that influences public policy

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25
Q

Motor Voter Act of 1993

A

Signs of the law by President Clinton, it enables people to register to vote at motor vehicle departments

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26
Q

Participatory democracy

A

A system of democracy in which all members of a group Community participate actively in making major decisions

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27
Q

Political participation

A

The many different ways that people take part in politics and government

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28
Q

Political platform

A

Formal Declaration of the principles and policies of a political party

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29
Q

Preamble

A

Introduction of the Constitution

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30
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

A 1787 rebellion in which X Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

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31
Q

Speaker of the House

A

An office mandated by the Constitution. The speaker is chosen and practiced by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency shed that office become vacant

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32
Q

Super PACs

A

A type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations unions and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates

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33
Q

Tracking polls

A

Continuous surveys that neighborhood campaign or news organization to chart a candidate’s daily rise or fall in support

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34
Q

Unanimous consent

A

An agreement by every Senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

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35
Q

Unfunded mandates

A

Programs that the federal government requires states to implement without Federal funding

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36
Q

Virginia Plan

A

A plan that called for three branches of government, if you just shuell, executive and legislature and the legislature based on population

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37
Q

Writ of certiorari

A

Order by Supreme Court directing a lower court to spend up the records of a case for review

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38
Q

Federalist 51 (madison)

A

“Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.” But what is government itself but the greatest of all Reflections on human nature. “ if men were angels…. checks and balances. Give the constitutional means and personal motives to resist in encroachment of the others. People are the primary check

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39
Q

Schenck v. United states 1919

A

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War 1. Justice Holmes declared government can limit speech at the speech provokes a clear and present danger of substantive evils

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40
Q

Brown v. Board of education 1954

A

1954- the Supreme Court overruled Plessy versus Ferguson, declared the racially segregated facilities and inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated

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41
Q

Engel v. Vitale 1962

A

Prohibited state-sponsored receation of prayer in public schools by virtue of the first amendment’s Establishment Clause in the 14th Amendment due process clause Warren Court Street social activism

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42
Q

Wisconsin v. Yoder 197w

A

The court rules that Wisconsin cannot require Spanish parents to send their children to Public Schools beyond the eighth grade because it would violate long-held religious beliefs

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43
Q

Roe versus Wade 1973

A

Abortion rights fall within the Privacy implied by the 4th Amendment

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44
Q

Plannes parenthood v. Casey 1992

A

A 1992 case in which the Supreme Court Lucinda standards evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of strict security of any restraints on a mental rights to one of undue burden that permits considerably more regulation

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45
Q

Pluraist Theory

A

The theory that political power is distributed among a wide array of diverse and competing interest group

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46
Q

Advise and consent

A

The power of the Senate to approve or disapprove of any of the president’s appointments or treaties

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47
Q

Anti-Federalists

A

Components of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption

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48
Q

Exit poll

A

Public opinion surveys to use by Major media posters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision

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49
Q

Federal Reserve System

A

The country’s Central banking system which is responsible for the nation’s monetary policy Barry letting supply of money and interest rates

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50
Q

Funded mandates

A

Regulations passed by Congress or issued very literary agencies in the states with federal funds to support them

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51
Q

Horse race journalism

A

Election coverage by the mass media that focuses on which candidate is ahead earlier than on National issues

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52
Q

Impeachment

A

An action by the House of Representatives to kiss president vice president or other civil officers of the United States committing treason bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors

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53
Q

Lobbyist

A

A person who is employed by and ask for an organized interest group or Corporation to try to influence policy decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches

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54
Q

Monetary policy

A

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and interest rates

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55
Q

Unconventional political participation

A

The means by which people get involved in the political process when conventional means though such as protest and civil disobedience

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56
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright 1963

A

Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant is in a family trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge and the defendant cannot afford one. It started that the 14th amendment allows the Bill of Rights to be applied to the United States including Amendment 6 (right to a lawyer)

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57
Q

Judicial review

A

Review by the US Supreme Court or the Constitutional validity of a legislative act

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58
Q

Legislative veto

A

The authority of Congress to block a presidential action has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power

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59
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

I believe the ultimate power resides in the people

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60
Q

Unalienable rights

A

Rights that cannot be taken away

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61
Q

Unanimous decision

A

A decision made by the Supreme Court that has no dissent. A unanimous decision by the court is 9-0

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62
Q

Unwritten Constitution

A

Traditions president and practice incorporated into our form of government that adds The Constitution’s elastically and is viability. Political parties the president cabinet political action committees and the federal bureaucracy are important examples

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63
Q

Conservative

A

A person who believes government power particularly in the economy should be limited in order to maximize the individual freedom

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64
Q

Creative federalism

A

During the Great Society the marble cake approach of intergovernmental relations

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65
Q

Habeas corpus

A

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge

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66
Q

Senatorial courtesy

A

Presidential customs of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval two senators from the state in which the appointees our to work

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67
Q

Bureaucracies

A

Large administrative agencies reflecting a hierarchical Authority job specialization and rules and regulations that drive them

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68
Q

Civil liberties

A

Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

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69
Q

Commerce Clause

A

The clause in the Constitution Article 1 Section 8 Clause 1 that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affects more than one state or other nations

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70
Q

Committee-of-the-whole

A

A committee that consists of an entire legislative body used for a procedure in which a legislative body expedites its business are resolving itself into committee itself

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71
Q

Culture of poverty

A

The argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle-class mainstream Society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances

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72
Q

De jure segregation

A

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative Decisions by public agencies

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73
Q

Elastic clause

A

The final paragraph of Article 1 Section 8 of The Constitution which authorizes congress to pass all laws in this area and proper to carry out the enumerated powers

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74
Q

Grand old party GOP

A

Nickname for the Republican Party

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75
Q

Liberals

A

People who generally favor government action and view change as progress

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76
Q

White House staff

A

Personal who run the White House and advise the president. Includes the chief of staff and press secretary

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77
Q

Majority leader

A

The legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the house or Senate

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78
Q

Open primary

A

Apparel action in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place

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79
Q

Shaw v. Reno 1993

A

No racial gerrymandering race cannot be the sole of predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries majority-minority districts

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80
Q

Cruel and unusual punishment

A

Corson’s is permitted by the 8th and management. Above the Supreme Court has ruled the mentary distances for certain offenses are unconstitutional it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment

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81
Q

Gridlock

A

An inability to nice legislation because of partisan conflict within Congress or between Congress and the president

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82
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

A

A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals and employment

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83
Q

Pork barrel legislation

A

Laws passed by Congress that appropriate money for local Federal projects

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84
Q

Strict-constructionist approach

A

The View that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the Constitution

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85
Q

Referendum

A

A legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

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86
Q

Ratification

A

Formal approval final consent to the electronics of a constitution Constitution Amendment or treaty

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87
Q

Gender gap

A

A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates. Women tend to be significantly less conservative than man and are more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending

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88
Q

Direct primary

A

A primary where voters directly select candidates who will run for the office

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89
Q

Marble cake federalism

A

The theory that all levels of government can work together to solve common problems. Also known as cooperative federalism

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90
Q

Battleground States. Swing States.

A

The key states that the presidential campaigns focus on because they are most likely to decide the outcome of the Electoral College vote

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91
Q

Cooperative federalism

A

A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share cost Administration and even blame for programs at work poorly

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92
Q

Federal election campaign Act FECA

A

First major federal law 1971 Australian Federal elections.. Federal Election Commission FEC. Require disclosure of sources of campaign funds transparency set limits on contributions to candidates individual equal 1000 Pacs equals 5000 spending limits for candidates limits on independent expenditures

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93
Q

Third political parties

A

Any political party that is not one of the two major parties

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94
Q

Electoral college

A

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the President and Vice President

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95
Q

Reserved power clause

A

Found in Tenth Amendment it gives States Powers not delegated to the national government

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96
Q

Hyperpluralist Theory

A

A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened

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97
Q

Majority opinion

A

A court opinion or affecting the views of the majority of the judges

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98
Q

Party identification

A

Is Citizens self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other

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99
Q

Religious right

A

politically active religious conservatives especially Catholics and image Ella Christians who became predictably vocal in the 1980s against feminism abortion and homosexuality who promoted Family Values

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100
Q

Safety net

A

Government programs that protect people experiencing unfavorable economic conditions

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101
Q

Single-issue groups

A

Groups that have a narrow interest tend to dislike compromise and often draw membership from people new to politics

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102
Q

Closed primary

A

A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote

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103
Q

Conference committee

A

Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form

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104
Q

Ranking Committee Member

A

The senior member of the minority party serving on a congressional committee who works closely with the committee chair deciding on committee business

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105
Q

Poverty line

A

The estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life

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106
Q

Prospective voting

A

Voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues

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107
Q

Recession of 2008

A

Caused by collapse of the housing market the mismanagement of housing mortgages by Banks and the bankruptcy of major investment firms

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108
Q

Separation of church and state

A

Constitutional principle found in the First Amendment which prevents our government from setting up an official Church from providing support for religious institutions or from crying church membership to vote

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109
Q

Congressional budget office CBO

A

An agency of Congress the Allies is presidential budget recommendations and estimates the cost of proposed legislation

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110
Q

Discretionary spending

A

Spending category about which government planners can make choices

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111
Q

Lame duck

A

And outgoing official serving out the remainder of a term after retiring or being defeated for re-election

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112
Q

Laissez-faire

A

Idea that government should pay as small a role as possible and economic affairs

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113
Q

Baker vs. Carr 1972

A

Case that asked. One-man vote. This isn’t created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guarantee a more Equitable system of representation the citizens of each state

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114
Q

Republican Party

A

Political party that believed in non expansion of slavery and consisted of wigs in. Democrats and free soldiers in defiance to the slave powers

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115
Q

Discount rate

A

The minimum interest rate set by federal reserve for Lending to other Banks

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116
Q

Distributive policy

A

Results in the government giving benefits directly to people groups farmers and businesses. Typical policies include subsidies research and development funds for corporations and direct government aid for Highway construction and education

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117
Q

Invisible primary

A

Early attempts to raise money line up campaign Consultants media attention and get commitments for support even before candidates announce they are running

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118
Q

War Powers Act of 1973

A

And I 73 Congress passed this law which requires that soldiers sent into military action overseas by the president be brought back within 60 days unless Congress approves action

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119
Q

Ticket splitting

A

Ring with one party for one office and with another party for for another office. It has become the norm in American voting behavior

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120
Q

Party realignment

A

The displacement of the majority party but the majority party usually during a critical election period

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121
Q

Layer cake federalism

A

Frozen characterized by a national government exercising its power and apparently from state governments

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122
Q

Keynote address

A

Key speech at the national nominating convention that outlines the themes of the campaign

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123
Q

Filibuster

A

A tactic for defeating a bill in the Senate by talking until the Bill’s sponsor withdraws it

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124
Q

Fiscal policy

A

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending

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125
Q

Closed rule

A

A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that prohibits any amendments to bills provides that only members of the committee reporting the pill they offer amendments

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126
Q

Constituent

A

A person whom remember of Congress has been elected to represent

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127
Q

Federalism

A

A form of government in which power is divided between the federal or national government and the states

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128
Q

Implied powers

A

Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions

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129
Q

New Hampshire primary

A

First presidential primary and it’s winner becomes the Medias major attention

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130
Q

Non-preferential primary

A

Where voters choose delegates who are not bound to vote for the winning primary candidate

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131
Q

Political socialization

A

The process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions

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132
Q

Procedural due process

A

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods limits how government May exercise power

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133
Q

Sequestration

A

The action of taking legal possession of assets until the debt has been paid or other claims have been met

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134
Q

Marbury versus Madison 1803

A

This case establishes the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review

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135
Q

Standing committee

A

A permanent committee established new legislature usually focusing on policy area

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136
Q

Rules Committee

A

Deciding Committee of the House of Representatives that provide special rules under which specific bills can be debated amended be considered by the house

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137
Q

Free enterprise

A

Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

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138
Q

Three-Fifths Compromise

A

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the house for a presentation and Taxation purposes. Negated by the 13th Amendment.

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139
Q

All politics is local

A

Phrase coined by former Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill speaker 1977 through 1987 and refers to how the behavior of congressmen and women on the local level will it turning factor for the way voters perceive their represent

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140
Q

Congressional oversight

A

How are used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies conduct investigations through committee hearings and bring to the Public’s attention and need for public policy

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141
Q

Direct tax

A

A tax an individual pays directly to the government

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142
Q

Selective incorporation

A

The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to State and local governments

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143
Q

Rule of four

A

At least for justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard

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144
Q

Double jeopardy

A

The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense

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145
Q

Apportionment bill

A

Congressional legislation that has spinning of the basic. Federal bill made up of 13 apportionment bills

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146
Q

Representative democracy

A

A form of democracy in which citizens elect officials to govern on their behalf

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147
Q

Solid South

A

A term used to describe the tendency of a southern states to vote Democratic after the Civil War

148
Q

Limited government

A

The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens

149
Q

Fiscal federalism

A

Federal government using money grants to influence and control States

150
Q

Mass media

A

Forms of communication such as newspapers and radio that reach millions of people

151
Q

De facto segregation

A

Segregation by Unwritten custom or tradition

152
Q

Selective incorporation

A

The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to State and local governments

153
Q

Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824

A

Clarified the Commerce Clause and affirmed congressional power over Interstate Commerce

154
Q

Marshall Court (1801-1835)

A

Decided Marbury versus Madison making the sca co-equal branch of government. Landmark cases included Marbury versus Madison McCoy C. Maryland and Gibbons versus Ogden

155
Q

Party platform

A

A political party’s statement of its goals and polices for the next four years the platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee Blues members are chosen and rough prop operation to each candidate strength. It is the best formal statement of the party’s beliefs

156
Q

Plank

A

Each individual part of a political party’s platform

157
Q

Separation of power

A

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative executive and judicial branches with the legislative branch making law the executive client and enforcing the law and the Judiciary interpreting the law

158
Q

Due process clause

A

Clause in the Fifth Amendment limit the power of national government similar clause in the 14th Amendment prohibiting States government for depriving any person of life liberty or property without due process of law

159
Q

Amicus curae (“friend of the court” briefs)

A

Legal brief submitted by a friend of the court for the purpose of influencing a court decision by raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties

160
Q

Declaration of Sentiments and resolutions

A

A result of the Seneca fall convention and stated that all men and women are created equal that woman no less than men are endowed with certain inalienable rights. And demanding the right to vote they launched a movement for women’s suffrage that would survive until the battle was finally over

161
Q

Reapportionment

A

The process of reassigning representation based on population after every census

162
Q

Individualism

A

Giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

163
Q

Campaign Finance reform

A

Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups

164
Q

Demographics

A

Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it

165
Q

Redistricting

A

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population AKA reapportionment

166
Q

Affordable act care ACA

A

Federal legislation passed in 2010 that includes a number Provisions designed to increase access to healthcare improve the quality of healthcare and explore new models of delivering and paying for healthcare

167
Q

Medicaid

A

Federal program that provides medical benefits for low income persons

168
Q

Pluralism

A

A theory of government that holds the open multiple and competing groups can check the certed power by any one group

169
Q

Food stamp program

A

Federally funded program that gives food coupons to low-income People based on income and family size

170
Q

Miranda Rights

A

A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Miranda vs Arizona

171
Q

Ex post facto law

A

A law that makes an act criminal although the Act was legal when it was committed

172
Q

Initiative

A

Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot

173
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

State laws in the South that legalized segregation

174
Q

Political consultant

A

A paid professional hired to devise a campaign strategy and manage a campaign

175
Q

Oral arguments

A

The stage in Supreme Court proceedings in which attorneys for both sides appear before the court to present their positions and answers questions posed by the justices. Good feeder for law nerds

176
Q

Tinker versus Des Moines 1969

A

Public school students May wear armbands to class protesting against Americans were in Vietnam when such as played does not disrupt classes

177
Q

Mandatory spending

A

Federal spending Cried by law that continues without the need for annual approvals by Congress

178
Q

Independent expenditures

A

Money spent by individuals or groups not associated with candidates to elect or defeat candidates for office

179
Q

Literacy test

A

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

180
Q

Delegated powers

A

Power typically given to the federal government by the US Constitution for example the Authority to print money

181
Q

Front-Runner

A

Designation given to the candidate who leads in the polls

182
Q

Shared powers

A

Powers granted to the national government by the Constitution but not denied to the states. One example is a right to lay and collect taxes

183
Q

Concurrent powers

A

Powers held jointly by the national and state governments

184
Q

Faction

A

A small organized dissenting group within a larger one especially in politics. Used by Madison in Federalist number 10

185
Q

Great Compromise . Connecticut Compromise.

A

Combining parts of Virginia and New Jersey Plan regarding representation

186
Q

McDonald vs Chicago 2010

A

The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states

187
Q

Federal Election Commission FEC

A

A bipartisan Federal agency of six members that oversees the financing of national election campaigns

188
Q

Retrospective voting

A

A theory of voting in which voters essentially ask this simple question. what have you done for me lately?

189
Q

Minority leader

A

The legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or the Senate

190
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new Congress

191
Q

Public opinion polls

A

Scientific efforts to estimate when entire group thinks about an issue by asking a smaller sample of the group for its opinion

192
Q

Appellate jurisdiction

A

The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts. These courts do not review the facts or record only legal issues involved

193
Q

Wave election

A

An election where on political party wins resulting in a change of control in the presidency and Congress and Chris control the Congress or change of control and one or both houses of Congress

194
Q

Judicial conference

A

A closed meeting of the Justice of the US Supreme Court to discuss and vote on the cases before then the justices are not supposed to discuss conference proceedings with Outsiders

195
Q

Brutus 1 - Anti-Federalists . Republicans.

A

Before The Constitution was ratified too much power in national government won’t be able to survive because it’s too big

196
Q

President Pro temporary

A

Officer of the Senate elected by majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president

197
Q

Civil rights

A

The rights of full citizenship and equality under the law

198
Q

Judicial restraint

A

A theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power

199
Q

Twenty-fifth Amendment

A

Adopted in 1967 to establish procedures for filling vacancies in the office of President and Vice President as well as providing procedures to do with a disability

200
Q

Natural rights

A

Life liberty and property

201
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

First constitution of the US 1987 - 1788 weaknesses no executive judicial no power no tax no power to regulate trade

202
Q

Activist Court

A

Court that makes decisions that Forge New ground such as Roe versus Wade or Brown versus Board of Education and establish precedent that often result and some form of legislative action

203
Q

Affirmative action

A

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

204
Q

Agenda setting

A

The process of forming a list of issues to be addressed by government

205
Q

Arraignment

A

A hearing in which a suspect is charged and pleads guilty or not guilty

206
Q

Bicameral

A

A legislative consisting of two parts or houses

207
Q

Bipartisan

A

Involving two political parties

208
Q

Bipartisan Campaign Act of 2002

A

Also known as the mccain-feingold ACT Advanced off money donations by individuals to presidential candidates and set aggregate limits for individuals contributing to individual candidates

209
Q

Block grants

A

Federal grants given more or less automatically to States or communities to support board programs in areas such as Community Development is social services

210
Q

Bully pulpit

A

The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and or to influence Congress to cept legislative proposals

211
Q

Bush versus Gore 2000

A

The Court ruled that manual records of presidential ballots in the November 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent valuation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect ruling meant would win the election

212
Q

Cabinet

A

Advisory Council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments the vice president and a few other officials selected by the President. Part of the unwritten Constitution

213
Q

Casework

A

Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get

214
Q

Categorical grants

A

Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending. They come with strings attached such as non-discrimination provisions

215
Q

Caucus

A

The meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform

216
Q

Checks and balances

A

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

217
Q

Chief executive

A

Term for the president as vested with the executive power of the United States

218
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Outlawed discrimination based on race color religion sex or national origin

219
Q

Clear and present danger Doctrine

A

Established in Schenck v. United States 1919 it gives the government the right to censor Free Speech if during National Emergency such as War it can be proven that the result of speech was an ethically hurt National Security

220
Q

Cloture

A

A procedure for Community debate especially filibusters in the Senate. 60 Senator votes needed

221
Q

Commander and chief

A

The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United States and the State National Guard units when they are called into Federal service

222
Q

Congressional district

A

The area that you member of the House represents

223
Q

Consent of the governed

A

The idea that government derives its Authority by sanction of the people

224
Q

Consumer Price Index CPI

A

A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer

225
Q

Continuing resolution

A

Emergency budget extension measure that Congress passes when he full budget law has not been completed by the beginning of the new fiscal year October 1. Avoids government shutdown

226
Q

Contract with America

A

In the 1994 Congressional elections Congressman Newt Gingrich had a Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment term limits for members of Congress and a middle class tax cut

227
Q

Critical election

A

An election when significant groups of Voters change their traditional patterns of Party Loyalty

228
Q

Daily tracking poll

A

Pools that are released every day during your campaign. They different from other tracking polls because I don’t like weekly or monthly polls there more of an instant snapshot of how a candidate is performing

229
Q

Defense of Marriage Act

A

A law enacted by Congress in 1998 that allows states to refuse to recognize gay marriages or civil unions formed in other jurisdictions. The Supreme Court ruled that DOMA was unconstitutional in 2013

230
Q

Democratic Party

A

One of the two major US political party founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson support a decentralized government and states rights

231
Q

Devolution

A

The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

232
Q

Direct democracy

A

The form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through Representatives

233
Q

Discharge petition

A

Solution to force a bill to the house floor that has been bottled up in committee

234
Q

Dissenting opinion

A

A statement written by a Justice who disagrees with the majority opinion presenting his or her opinion

235
Q

Divided government

A

One party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress

236
Q

Division of labor

A

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

237
Q

Dual primary

A

We’re president candidates are selected any separately a delegates is also would it on. New Hampshire uses this type of primary

238
Q

Earmarks

A

Special spending projects that are set aside on behalf of individual members of Congress for their constituents

239
Q

Elite Theory

A

A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule regardless of the formal niceties a governmental organization

240
Q

Entitlements

A

A claim for government funds that cannot be changed without violating the rights of the claimant

241
Q

Enumerated powers

A

Powers specifically given to the Congress in the Constitution including the power to collect taxes coin money regulate foreign and Interstate Commerce and declare war

242
Q

Equal protection of the laws

A

Part of the Fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent protection to all people

243
Q

Establishment Clause

A

Part of the First Amendment stating that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion

244
Q

Executive rule

A

A law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial

245
Q

Executive privilege

A

The privilege claimed by the president for the executive branch of the u.s. government of withholding information in the public interest

246
Q

Expressed powers

A

Those are their powers of the national government that are spelled out expressly in the Constitution also called the enumerated powers

247
Q

Federalist Party

A

1792 through 1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted a strong National and state government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans

248
Q

Fighting words Doctrine

A

Established in Champlin ski versus New Hampshire 1942 the decision incorporated into the state law concept that the government can limit Free Speech if it can be proved that the result speech will cause physical violence

249
Q

Fiscal cliff

A

A situation in which a particular set of financial factors causes or threatens sudden and severe economic decline

250
Q

Fletcher vs. Peck 1810

A

Decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional

251
Q

Free exercise clause

A

The First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion

252
Q

Freedom of Information Act 1974

A

Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing Military Intelligence or Trade Secrets increases the current bility of bureaucracy

253
Q

Front-loading

A

The process of scheduling presidential primaries early in the primary season

254
Q

Full Faith and Credit Clause

A

Constitution’s requirement that each state accept the public acts records and judicial proceedings of every other state

255
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

256
Q

Gitlow vs. New York 1925

A

Establish Christina of paralyzing Bill of Rights playing them to the States saints cannot deny freedom of speech but I get through due process clause of amendment 14

257
Q

Globalization

A

The process by which businesses or other organizations Philip International influence or start operating on an international scale

258
Q

Grants-in-aid

A

Money awarded to the states by the federal government

259
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964

A

Give us US President Lyndon B Johnson authorization without a formal declaration of war by Congress for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia

260
Q

Hard money

A

Political contributions given to a party penitent or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed

261
Q

Hold

A

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator temporarily block the consideration of the bill or nomination

262
Q

Independent executive agencies

A

Federal agencies that aren’t large or important enough to get departments that is. Doctors appointed by President with an advice and consent of Senate. Example. NASA. CIA. EPA

263
Q

Independent Regulatory Agencies

A

Federal regulatory agencies that are independent this not fully under the power of the president. Example. Federal Trade Commission . Securities and Exchange Commission

264
Q

Indictment

A

A formal charge by a grand jury

265
Q

Inherent powers

A

Powers claimed by president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it

266
Q

Interest group

A

An organization of people sharing common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy

267
Q

Iowa caucus

A

First state to hold a caucus or primary there for giving Iowa much attention during the campaign season

268
Q

Iron Triangle Network

A

The the relationship among bureaucracies the government interest groups and the public it’s also establishes a pattern of relationships mom and agency in the executive branch Congress in one or more outside clients of that agency

269
Q

Joint Committee

A

A committee of the house and the Senate that usually acts as a study group and reports its findings back to the house and the Senate

270
Q

Judicial activism

A

An interpretation of the US Constitution holding that the spirit of times and it needs of the nation can legitimately influence decisions particularly decisions of the Supreme Court

271
Q

Judiciary Committee

A

Standing committee of the Senate that has oversight responsibilities over the federal Jewish e and is responsible for conducting hearings to consider judicial nominees including nominee to the Supreme Court

272
Q

Keynesian economics

A

Idea that governments can only believe macron economic and math through taxation and spending policies in order to Foster stable growth

273
Q

Landslide election

A

Election in which a candidate or political party wins by a significant margin

274
Q

Libel

A

A written defamation of a person’s character reputation business or property rights

275
Q

Libertarian

A

One who believes in limited government interference in personal and economic liberties

276
Q

Line-item veto

A

An executive’s ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by legislature

277
Q

Linkage institutions

A

Institutions that connected us experiment. The mass media interest groups and political parties are the three main linkage institutions

278
Q

Litigation

A

The process of taking legal action

279
Q

Logrolling

A

An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other’s bills

280
Q

Mandates

A

Drum set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

281
Q

Matching funds

A

Donations to presidential campaign swear by every dollar raised from individuals in amounts less than $251 is matched by the federal Treasury

282
Q

McGovern Fraser Commission

A

A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic Convention in response to demands for form by minority groups and other who sought better representation

283
Q

Medicare

A

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 of age and older

284
Q

Midterm election

A

Elections held midway between presidential elections

285
Q

Minority opinion

A

It is such thing can you written by Justice representing a minority point of view in the losing side of the Supreme Court decision

286
Q

National Committee

A

One of the institutions that keeps a party with braiding between conventions. The National Committee is composed of representatives from the states and territories

287
Q

National Security Council

A

An agency in the executive office of the president that advises the president on National Security

288
Q

Nationalization of the Bill of Rights

A

If you just your doctrine of the 14th Amendment of the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation

289
Q

Necessary and proper clause. Elastic clause

A

A clause in Article 1 Section 8 of The Constitution that gives Congress the power to do what I redeem cesarienne constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations the basis for the implied powers

290
Q

Office of Management and budget OMB

A

The office that prepares the president’s annual budget proposal reviews budget and programs of executive departments supplies if you want make for a cast and conducts detail analysis of proposed bills and agency rules

291
Q

Original jurisdiction

A

New Jersey Auction of course. Case first usually in a trial these are the courts that determine the facts about a case

292
Q

Pardon

A

A declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment

293
Q

Party dealignment

A

The gradual disengagement the people and politicians from the parties I seen part by shrinking party identification

294
Q

Party eras

A

Historical. In which majority of Voters clean to the party in power which tends to win a majority of Elections

295
Q

Party identification

A

A Citizens self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other

296
Q

Party-Line voting

A

Process in which voters select candidates by their party affiliation

297
Q

Party machines

A

A centralized party organization that dominates local politics by controlling elections

298
Q

Party organization

A

The formal structure and Leadership of a political party including election committees local state and National Executives and paid professional staff

299
Q

Plessy versus Ferguson 1896

A

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of separate but equal

300
Q

Plurality

A

The number of votes cast for candidate who receives more than one other but does not receive an absolute major

301
Q

Pocket veto

A

A B-2 taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days a submitting a bill to the president who simply Let’s It Die by neither signing or vetoing it

302
Q

Police power

A

State power to Natural laws promoting health safety and morals

303
Q

Policy agenda

A

The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actively involved in politics at the time

304
Q

Political action committee PAC

A

A committee set up by a corporation labor union or interest group that raises and spends campaign money for voluntary donations

305
Q

Political efficacy

A

Believe that when two letter representation really matters that one’s vote can actually make a difference

306
Q

Political party

A

A group of individuals with Broad common interest who organize to nominate candidates for office win elections kind of government and determine public policy

307
Q

Political model

A

Members of Congress act as a delegate or trustee depending on the issue

308
Q

Poll tax

A

A requirement that citizens pay tax number to register to vote

309
Q

Precedent

A

An earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered and subsequent similar situations

310
Q

Presidential primary

A

An election by which voters choose convention delegates committed to voting for certain candidates

311
Q

Press secretary

A

Individual charged with interacting and communicating and journalists on a daily basis

312
Q

Prior restraint

A

Because I’m preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press and some Nations but it usually unconstitutional I mean I did States according to the First Amendment as a confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of near versus Minnesota

313
Q

Privileges and immunities clause

A

Article 4 citizens of one state cannot be discriminated in other states

314
Q

Progressive tax

A

A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases

315
Q

Proportional voting

A

Each candidate receives a number of delegates equal to the percentage of the vote he or she got

316
Q

Quasi-judicial

A

A characteristic of independent realtor agencies that give them judicial powers to interpret regulations they create

317
Q

Quasi-legislative

A

A characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them legislative powers to issue regulations

318
Q

Rational Choice voting

A

A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of Voters as well as politicians. It assumes individuals act in their own best interest carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives

319
Q

Reagan democrats

A

Traditional democratic middle class voters turn into Ronald Reagan during the 1980s

320
Q

Reapportionment Act of 1929

A

Add to the provides for permanent size of the house and the numbers of seats based on the census each state should have

321
Q

Regressive tax

A

A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases

322
Q

Regulatory policy

A

Policy that results in government control over individuals and businesses. Examples include protection of the environment and consumer protection

323
Q

Republican form of government

A

System of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare

324
Q

Reverse discrimination

A

The practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously

325
Q

Riders

A

Amendment 2 Bill soft in the form of operations that sometimes have nothing to do with the intent over the bill itself in many times are considered to be pork-barrel legislation

326
Q

Rule of law

A

The Restriction of the arbitrary exercise powered by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws

327
Q

Rust Belt

A

The Northern Hemisphere states of the United States including Ohio Michigan and Pennsylvania in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s 1970s and 1980s the states lost much of their economic base to conomic attractive regions of the United States in the countries were labor was cheaper leaving oldest journey to rust in the most northern climate

328
Q

Safe seat

A

Elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other so the success of the Party’s candidate is almost taken for granted

329
Q

Sampling error

A

The difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time

330
Q

Scientific polling sample

A

Scientific poll uses a random sample of the population

331
Q

Select Committee

A

A temporary that slave communities dollars for a limited time. And for a special purpose

332
Q

Senate confirmation

A

The purpose are on an Article 2 of The Constitution giving the Senate the Authority to approve appointments made by the president

333
Q

Seniority

A

Time of container service on a committee

334
Q

Separate but equal

A

Principal upheld in Plessy versus Ferguson 1896 in which the Supreme Court rules are gation of public facilities was legal

335
Q

Signing statement

A

A presidential document that reveals what the president thinks of the new land and how it ought to be enforced

336
Q

Slander

A

The action of crime making a false spoken statement damaging to a person’s reputation

337
Q

Social media

A

Electronic media that allows people with similar interests to participate in a social network

338
Q

Social movement

A

A widely shared demands for change in some aspect of the social or political order

339
Q

Social welfare

A

A nation’s system of programs benefits and services that help people meet their social economic educational and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society

340
Q

Soft money

A

Campaign contributions are regulated by federal or state law usually given to the parties and party committees to help fund down party activities

341
Q

Stare decisis

A

Let the decision stand decisions are based on percents from previous cases

342
Q

State of the Union Address

A

The president’s annual semen to Congress and the nation

343
Q

Suffrage

A

The right to vote

344
Q

Super Tuesday

A

It’s oozing early March in which many presidential primaries physically in the South are held

345
Q

Super delegates

A

Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the National Convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

346
Q

Supply-side economics

A

A school of Economics that believes tax cuts can couch in economy by raising Supply

347
Q

Supremacy clause

A

Article 4 of The Constitution which makes the Constitution National laws and treaties Supreme Over state laws when the national government is acting within functional limits

348
Q

Symbolic speech

A

Nonverbal communication such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the First Amendment

349
Q

Trustee model of representation

A

A model of representation in which representatives are you at Liberty to act in the way they believe is best for the constituents

350
Q

Two-party system

A

Electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections

351
Q

Unalienable rights

A

Rights that cannot be taken away

352
Q

Veto

A

Chief executive power to reject a bill passed by legislature

353
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

A policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination

354
Q

Watergate

A

9072 Nixon fear lost so he approved the commission to elect the president to spy on and his phone to Democrats. Security guard oil and tempted by the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Scandal. Suddenly contained at the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

355
Q

Whips

A

Party leader who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes before hands and lean on waivers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party

356
Q

Winner-take-all system

A

Electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first and their constituencies

357
Q

Federalist 10

A

Topic equals factions interest groups minority factions controlled by majority majority faction controlled by greater size of USA plus Victorious leaders

358
Q

Federalist 70

A

Energy in the executive is a leading character in the definition of good environment
- a feeble executive implies a favorable execution of the government

359
Q

Federalist 78. Hamilton

A

A limited Constitution requires an independent Judiciary to check on the set of actions courts have a duty to make sure laws adhere to the Constitution and it’s a law to not declare them no avoid least powerful of the three branches

360
Q

Letters from Birmingham Jail

A

Letter in which MLK protest explain Civil Disobedience Injustice anywhere it is threat to Justice everywhere explained by blacks were discontented to wait and the meaning of the nonviolent protest

361
Q

Mcculloch versus Maryland 1819

A

Maryland was trying to text and National Bank and Supreme Court rule that federal law was stronger than the state law

362
Q

United States versus Lopez 1995

A

Alfonso Lopez at South Greene High School student carry a concealed weapon into a San Antonio Texas high school he was charged under Texas law with firearm possession on school premises. The next it is State charges were dismissed after federal agents charge Lopez with violating a Federal Criminal statute the gun-free School Zones Act of 1990 the ads for bits and Englishmen only to possess a firearm ID place that he knows is a school zone. Lopez was found guilty following a bench trial and sentenced to six months imprisonment in 2 years were supervised release

363
Q

New York Times company versus United States 1971

A

Facts of the case and what became known as Pentagon Papers case the Nixon Administration can take to prevent the New York Times and Washington Post publishing tears belonging to classify defense apartment sitting regarding hit the history of United States activities in Vietnam. The president argued that prior restraint wasn’t there to protect National Security. This case is decided together and United States post company

364
Q

Citizens United versus Federal Election Commission 2010

A

Political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment and the government may not keep corporations or unions for spending money support or denounce individual candidates in election

365
Q

Planned Parenthood vs Casey 1992

A

Amen can I get to case in which Supreme Court loosened its standard for evaluating receptions in abortion from one of strict spent city of endless dreams and commensurate to one of undue burden sacraments considerably more regulation

366
Q

Elite and class Theory

A

Asteria government and politics contending the societies are divided along class lines and that in upper class A light will rule Carlos of informal necessities of governmental organization

Ap Gov (4 decks)

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