Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

R Statistics > W11: Qual > Flashcards

W11: Qual Flashcards

1
Q

What is ontology?

A

Assumptions we HAVE about the nature of the world and phenomena within it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is epistemology?

A

Assumptions about HOW we can learn about the world, investigate issues, gain knowledge
* Theory of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why does ontology and epistemology matter on our research approach (3 assumptions)?

A

They rest on a set of assumptions about
1. how the world works
2. how people think
3. relationship between people and the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 3 things do our assumptions shape?

A
  1. How we know what’s claimed to be true is true
  2. How we judge between competing claims about truth
  3. How knowledge is produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of ontology?

A
  • There is a real world
  • World constructed by a set of meanings / is a shared understanding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Under epistemology, what is positivism?

A

There is a a true world
* objectively investigated (factual information)
* independent of researcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Under epistemology, the position of critical realism provides an example of social constructivism.
What do they mean?

A
  • Knowledge is subjective
  • Critical realism: no absolute truth, knowledge is constructed between investigator and objects of the world
  • Social constructivism: findings are constructed /shaped historically, socially, and culturally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Under epistemology, the position of phenomenology provides an example of subjectivism.
What do they mean?

A
  • Phenomenology: knowledge is created by observer, INDEPENDENT of objects in the world (individual experiences)
  • Subjectivism: Knowledge is a shared understanding of experiences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Qualitative research is concerned (to some degree) with ____ understandings of phenomena

A

subjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Qualitative research argues nature of social world is not wholly amenable to _______

A

quantification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 main assumptions/positions of qualitative research?

A
  1. Critical realism: there IS a fixed reality, open to subjective interpretation
  2. Constructionism: there IS NOT a fixed reality, it’s all subjective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 common qualitative approaches and what positions do they have?

A
  1. Reflexive thematic analysis (critical realism)
    Real world, open to subjective interpretation
  2. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (phenomenology)
    Reality is given meaning through individual experiences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which research approach does this research question use?
Do competent drivers have less accidents on rainy days

A

Quantitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which research approach does this research question use?
How does rain impact drivers?

A

Qualitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sampling in qualitative research are often..

A

Non-probability sampling, can’t be generalized to broader population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is sampling in qual research on the basis of competence or representativeness?

A

Competence: represents ISSUES under investigation, not representativeness of population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 4 types of sampling strategies in qualitative research?

A
  1. Opportunistic / convenience
  2. Snowball / network
  3. Purposive (based on sampling criteria)
  4. Theoretical (informed by data analysis e.g new info from interviews)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is random sampling possible in qualitative research?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Most of the time, sample size is decided by ____ factors and nature of RQ

A

Pragmatic: time, money, deadlines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 3 types of qualitative data sources?

A
  1. Pre-existing: documents, social media posts, videos
  2. Collected: open-ended surveys, interviews, focus groups
  3. Observational
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 3 types of interviews?

A

Structured, open, semi-structured (can change qs across interviews)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Active listening (pause silence), probe for detail, cautious of non-verbal behaviour, reflexivity, reciprocity, empathy are skills of what research approach?

A

Interviews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are focus groups used for?

A

Gather information on collective views from people with similar backgrounds.
Explores variety and diversity in responses

24
Q

Providing space for all voices, active listening, mindful of power hierarchies within groups, guiding discussion are skills for what research approach?

A

Focus groups

25
Q

What are 2 things open-ended surveys used for?

A
  1. As add on to quant surveys
  2. To provide more context to RQs
26
Q

What are 3 benefits and 1 disadvantage of open-ended surveys?

A

Benefits:
1. More participants
2. More breadth (not depth)
3. Identify topics for further qual / quant work
Disadvantage:
1. Hard to know what people mean

27
Q

What are mixed methods?

A

Use of qual and quant approaches for data that SPEAK to each other

28
Q

In mixed methods, what does corroboration assess?

A

If results from different methods support each other

29
Q

In mixed methods, what does expansion mean?

A

Using different methods to add to gained understanding

30
Q

In mixed methods, what does initiation mean?

A

Using different methods to spark new ideas/direction for your research

31
Q

In mixed methods, what does triangulation mean?

A

Using different methods to CONVERGE on 1 aspect

32
Q

Expand on the following guiding ethical principles:
Informed consent, Participation, Protection of participants, laws

A
  • Fully informed and free from influence consent
  • Voluntary participation
  • Protect through confidentiality, anonymity, redaction/remove sensitive info in transcripts, respect for small communities
  • Compliance with the law
33
Q

Qual research uses ____ and ____ instead of reliability and validity

A

rigour (establish trust/confidence in research) and trustworthiness

34
Q

For reflexive thematic analysis, what is 1 way to establish trustworthiness?

A

Maintain reflexivity: keep research journal to uncover biases
- Aided with triangulation and close communication with supervisors

35
Q

What are 4 elements of trustworthiness and what can be done to achieve them?

A
  1. Credibility: confidence in “truth” of findings
    - Triangulation, member checking, prolonged engagement
  2. Transferability: applicability in other contexts
  3. Dependability: consistent and repeatable findings
    - Auditing (examined by independent researcher)
    - Subsequent studies
  4. Confirmability: degree of neutrality
    - Triangulation, auditing, reflexivity
36
Q

Dual coding is a way to establish ______

A

Rigour

37
Q

Is positivism approach appropriate for dual coding?

A

Yes, because it assumed an objective truth

38
Q

Is critical realism approach appropriate for dual coding?

A

No, assumed knowledge is completely subjective

39
Q

What kind of approach is thematic analysis and is dual coding applicable?

A

Critical realism, subjective element = not appropriate for dual coding

40
Q

Contrast Comparative method comes from a positivist approach. Is dual coding appropriate?

A

Yes, positivism assumes objective truth exists

41
Q

The most common method approach in qual is..

A

Category-based approach
*Coding: assign symbolic attribute, which are then clustered together as category / theme

42
Q

Reflexive thematic analysis analyze and develop patterns ___ a qualitative dataset

A

across

43
Q

How is reflexive thematic analysis different from IPA?

A

IPA focuses on individual cases (e.g interviews) rather than collectively

44
Q

How many phases does reflexive thematic analysis have?

A

6

45
Q

What is phase 1 of reflexive thematic analysis?

A

Familiarize yourself with data
- Reflexive journalling, re-reading data, underline key phrases

46
Q

What is phase 2 of reflexive thematic analysis?

A

Coding
- Identify relevant/interesting segments
- Assign code word that accurately describe meaning of text

47
Q

Under phase 2 (coding) of thematic analysis, what are semantic and latent data?

A

Semantic: surface level, explicit meaning
Latent: conceptual, implicit meaning

48
Q

Under phase 2 (coding) of thematic analysis, what are inductive and deductive approaches?

A

Inductive: data driven (whatever comes up)
Deductive: theory driven (using specific theory to analyze research)

49
Q

What is phase 3 of reflexive thematic analysis?

A

Generating initial (overarching) themes
- Collate codes into clusters that share common concept

50
Q

What is phase 4 of reflexive thematic analysis?

A

Developing and reviewing themes
- Aim: 5-7 themes
- Look for opposing voices, asses initial fit of candidate themes
- Discuss with others about your themes

51
Q

What is phase 5 of reflexive thematic analysis?

A

Refining, defining, naming themes
- Name each theme and write synopsis
- Prepare to completely change thinking + data (reflexivity)
- Each theme built around strong core concept

52
Q

What is phase 6 of reflexive thematic analysis?

A

Writing up
- Weave analytic narrative + data extracts
- Get input from others (ppts, researchers)

53
Q

Key element of qual research is…

A

Defensibility: able to describe what you did and why

54
Q

What is convergent / parallel design?

A

Using quant and qual together
Interpret similarities and differences

55
Q

What is explanatory sequential design?

A

Quant 1st, qual 2nd
- If unexpected / unexplainable in quant results, use qual data to understand better
- Often unplanned

56
Q

What is exploratory sequential design?

A

Qual 1st, quant 2nd
- E.g to create scale for specific construct
- Use qual to understand construct, then used to make scales
- More likely planned

57
Q

For focus groups, what is the principle of saturation?

A

When no new themes / ideas arise with additional focus groups
- Saturation expected at 3-6 groups

R Statistics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions