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Anatomy & Physiology > Water, Electrolytes, & pH > Flashcards

Water, Electrolytes, & pH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two fluid compartments?

A
  1. intracellular 65%

2. extracellular 35%

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2
Q

How does water move?

A

Osmosis

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3
Q

What determines water movement?

A

concentration of solutes in each compartment

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4
Q

What are the two sources of water gain?

A
  1. preformed-in food/drink already

2. Metabolic-produced from chemical reaction

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5
Q

What are the three sources of water loss?

A
  1. Sensible=observable (urine/feces/sweat)
  2. Insensible=unnoticed (through skin and evaporates, not from sweat)
  3. Obligatory=unavoidable (expired air/fecal moisture)
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6
Q

How is thirst regulated?

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalmus

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7
Q

What is long term inhibition of thirst?

A

absorption of H20 from small intestine; >than 30 min for change

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8
Q

What is short term inhibition of thirst?

A

cooling and moistening of mouth; satisfies for 30-45 min

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9
Q

How is water output regulated?

A

Kidneys through urine output

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10
Q

What is volume depletion (hypovolemia)?

A

proportionate amounts of H2O and Na+ are lost without replacement

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11
Q

What is fluid deficiency?

A

fluid output exceeds intake over long period of time

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12
Q

What is dehydration?

A

negative water balance-body eliminates more water than sodium

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13
Q

Which electrolytes are cations?

A

Na+
Ca+
K+
H+

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14
Q

What electrolytes are anions?

A

Cl-
HCO3 (bicarbonate)
PO4 3-

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15
Q

What is the function of Sodium? ECF

A

Muscle contraction
Action potential
Rest membrane potential=ATP pump

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16
Q

What is the functions of Potassium? ICF

A

Muscle contraction
Action potential
Rest membrane potential=ATP pump

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17
Q

What is the function of Cl-? ECF

A

HCl

Chloride shift

18
Q

What is the function of Ca+?

A

bones
2nd messenger
muscle contractions
Blood clots

19
Q

What is the function of Phosphate?

A

ATP
Nucleic Acids
Phospholipids

20
Q

Why are we constantly producing acid?

A

Our metabolism

21
Q

What is a buffer?

A

mechanism that resists changes in pH; releases H+ to maintain pH

22
Q

Which systems act as physiological buffers?

A

Urinary & Respiratory

23
Q

What are the three major chemical buffers?

A
  1. Bicarbonate
  2. Phosphate
  3. Protein Systems
24
Q

When would you give normal saline?

A

Extensive blood loss

25
Q

When would you give potassium chloride?

A

Patients w/ALKALOSIS w/renal failure; close monitoring of pH

26
Q

When would you give ringers lactate?

A

Patients with Acidosis

27
Q

When would you give 5% dextrose?

A

Patients you cannot eat

28
Q

How do kidneys control pH?

A

they expel H+ from body

29
Q

What is acidosis?

A

pH

30
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

pH > 7.45

31
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis (hypoventilation)?

A

CO2 accumulation (hypercapnia)

32
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation)?

A

CO2 eliminated faster than produced

33
Q

What happens to CO2 and pH during hyperventilation?

A

CO2 decreases and pH increases

34
Q

What happens to Co2 and pH during hypoventilation?

A

Co2 increases and pH decreases

35
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

excessive diarrhea, ingestion of acidic drugs, diabetes mellitus

36
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis (very rare)?

A
  1. loss of stomach acid

2. overuse of bicarbonates

37
Q

What system compensates for pH imbalances of respiratory origin?

A

kidneys

38
Q

What system corrects imbalances in the matabolic origin?

A

respiratory system

39
Q

Does ADH increase urine and salt?

A

yes

40
Q

What is sodium responsible for?

A

resting membrane potential

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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