Week 1 Flashcards
2 types of adjudicatory (oordelende) bodies with International Dispute Settlement
1) ICJ = permanent
- organ of UN
2) ad hoc = temporary
4 Methods of consent
1) special agreement
2) compromissory clause
3) optional clause declaration
4) forum prorogatum
Special agreement (2x)
- North Sea Continental SHelf
- retrospective
Compromissory clause (3x)
- prospective
- ICC
- Law of the sea/UN convention
Optional clause declaration (1x)
Accepting jurisdiction of ICC
Forum prorogatum (4x)
- Retrospective
- Accepting jurisdiction for specific case
- last resort
- one time only basis
Customary international law 2 elements
1) State practice
2) Opinio Juris
State practice
Followed as general practice among states
Opinio Juris
Accepted as legally binding
International wrongful act (CHAGOS) 2 elements
1) attribution: conduct/act/omission by a state
2) breach: act or omission not in conformity with international rule
Legal consequences (4x)
1) Cessation & non-repetition (= stopzetting)
2) Remedies for preventing
3) establishing the situation prior to the wrongful act
4) reparations
3 types of reparations
- restitutions
- compensation
- satisfaction
Constituent treaty
Treaty that establishes an international organization –> UN-Charter
3 exceptions to general presumption of normative quality
- peremptory norms (jus cogens = dwingend recht)
- obligation erga omnes (= whole international community)
- obligations UN charter
Acquisition of new territory (4)
1) cession (= overdracht)
2) accretion (= aanwas door natuur)
3) occupation (= was nog van niemand)
4) conquest
Negative obligation
non-action is required
Positive obligation
States must adopt measures in order to fulfill their obligations
tripartite typology
1) respect (= refrain)
2) protect (= preventing)
3) fulfill (= take action)
Functions ICCPR Human rights Committee (3)
1) monitoring
2) enforcement individual complaints
3) interpretation
Extraterritorial application
Whether human rights law can apply in circumstances in which a state is exercising jurisdiction of its territory.
Personal Model
Physical power & control over a person
Spatial model
Effective control over an area
Conditions to derogate from human rights obligations (3)
- public emergency certain gravity
- emergency is actual or imminent
- measures must be strictly required
Territorial principle
State has jurisdiction over all acts, whether criminal or not, committed on its territory and over everyone located on the territory of a state.
