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Flashcards in Week 1 Deck (80)
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1
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The number of osmotically active particles in a solution

2
Q

Which two factors are needed to calculate the osmolarity?

A

Concentration and the number of particles the substance breaks down to

3
Q

What happens to a RBC place in a isotonic solution?

A

Nothing

4
Q

What happens to a RBC placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

It wil shrink

5
Q

What happens to a RBC places in a hypotonic solution?

A

It will swell

6
Q

What two compartments does total body water exist in?

A

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

7
Q

What does extracellular fluid consist of?

A

Plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph and transcellular fluid

8
Q

When does electrolyte balance occur?

A

When rate of gains = rate of loss

9
Q

Name 4 functions of the kidney?

A

Excretion - of waste and drugs
Regulation - of body fluid, ions and BP
Endocrine - Synthesis of renin, Epo,
Metabolism - Vit D metabolism, hormones

10
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

11
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

12
Q

Where does renal pyramid drain to?

A

Renal pelvis

13
Q

What % of nephrons are cortical and juxtamedullary?

A

Cortical - 80%, juxtamedullary - 20%

14
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Modified epithelial cells

15
Q

What % of plasma is not filtered?

A

80%

16
Q

How do you calculate rate of filtration of a substance?

A

Concentration in plasma x GFR

17
Q

How do you calculate rate of excretion of a substance?

A

Concentration in urine x urine flow rate

18
Q

What does rate of reabsorption =?

A

Rate of filtration - rate of excretion

19
Q

What does rate of secretion =?

A

Rate of exertion - rate of filtration

20
Q

What is the overall pressure of filtration?

A

About 10mmHg

21
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

Rate at which protein free plasma is filtered from the golmeruli into the bowman’s capsule per unit time

22
Q

How do you calculate the GFR?

A

Kf (filtration coefficient) x net filtration pressure

23
Q

What is a normal GFR?

A

125ml/min

24
Q

What is the major determinant of GFR?

A

Glomerular capillary fluid pressure

25
Q

How does vasoconstriction affect GFR?

A

Decreases it

26
Q

If arterial BP falls how does that affect GFR?

A

Decreases it

27
Q

What is plasma clearance?

A

The volume of plasma cleared of a substance per minute

28
Q

How do you calculate clearance?

A

Rate of excretion of X/Plasma concentration of x

or

[X]urine x Vurine/ [X]plasma

29
Q

What substances can be measured to determine GFR?

A

Inulin and creatinine

30
Q

When does clearance = 0?

A

When a substance is filtered and completely reabsorbed

31
Q

When does clearance = GFR?

A

When all of filtered substance is excreted

32
Q

When does clearance > GFR?

A

When substances are filtered, secreted and not reabsorbed

33
Q

When is clearance < GFR?

A

When substances are filtered, pertly reabsorbed and not secreted

34
Q

Which kidney lies higher?

A

The left

35
Q

Which ribs protect the kidney?

A

Floating 11 +12

36
Q

Where do the kidneys lie in relation of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Anterior

37
Q

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain?

A

Lumbar nodes

38
Q

Where does lymph from the ureter drain?

A

Lumbar and iliac nodes

39
Q

What does medulla contain?

A

Renal pyramids

40
Q

What gives the medulla its striated appearance?

A

Collecting ducts

41
Q

What path does urine take as it drains?

A

Nephrons - Collecting duct - Minor calyx - Major calyx - Renal pelvis - ureter

42
Q

3 common Sites of ureteric obstruction?

A

Pelviuriteric junction
Ureter crossing common iliac artery
Ureteric oriffce

43
Q

What supplies glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

44
Q

What is the name for loops of blood vessels in the medulla?

A

Vasa recta

45
Q

What lines the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Columnar epithelium

46
Q

Which cells secrete rennin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

47
Q

What cell lines most of the urinary tract?

A

Transitional epithelium

48
Q

3 parts of male urethra?

A

Prostatic, membranous, penile

49
Q

How much of the seminal fluid volume comes from the prostate?

A

About 50%

50
Q

Where do ureters pass in relation to the common ilia vessels?

A

Anterior

51
Q

What muscle forms the bladder wall?

A

Detrusor muscle

52
Q

Why does the internal urethral sphincter in males contract during ejaculation?

A

To prevent retrograde ejaculation

53
Q

What are the two routes of catheterisation?

A

Urethral, suprapubic

54
Q

Which zone of the prostate causes most cancer?

A

Peripheral

55
Q

What are the 3 cylinders of tissue in the penis?

A

Corpus cavernosum x2 , corpus spongiosum

56
Q

What is the blood supply to the scrotum?

A

Internal pudenal artery

57
Q

Where does lymph from scrotum and testes drain?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

58
Q

Where does lymph from the testes drain?

A

To lumbar nodes

59
Q

Is golmerulonephritis usually diffuse or focal?

A

Diffuse

60
Q

What causes pylonephritis?

A

Bacterial infection

61
Q

Commonest bacteria in pylonephritis?

A

E. coli

62
Q

Most common cause of urethral obstruction in males?

A

Prostatic disease

63
Q

What stain may show TB mycobacteria?

A

Zeehl neilsen stain

64
Q

What type of bacteria usually causes cystitis?

A

Coliforms

65
Q

What can a schistosomiasis infection predispose you to?

A

Urethral malignancy - SCC

66
Q

Main causes of hydronephrosis?

A

Obstruction and reflux

67
Q

What does ascending limb of the loop of hence reabsorb?

A

Na and Cl

68
Q

What is the descending limb highly permeable to?

A

Water

69
Q

What do loop diuretics block?

A

Triple co transporter

70
Q

What is agenesis?

A

Absence of one or both of the kidney

71
Q

What complication may be seen in pregnancy In a baby with renal agenesis?

A

Too little amniotic fluid

72
Q

What is infantile polycystic kidney disease inherited?

A

Autosomal recessive

73
Q

How is adult polycystic disease inherited?

A

Autosomal dominant

74
Q

What benign kidney tumour may cause secondary hypertension?

A

Juxtaglomerular cell tumour

75
Q

What does renal cell carcinoma arise from?

A

Tubular epithelium

76
Q

Where is renal cell ca likely to spread?

A

Renal vein

77
Q

What is the commonest symptom of transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Haematuria

78
Q

What is late collecting duct permeable to and when?

A

Water in presence of ADH

79
Q

What initiates mictruition reflex?

A

Stretch receptors

80
Q

What drain the vessel leaves the glomerulus?

A

Efferent arterioles