Week 1 Acculturation and Multiculturalism

Question 1

Acculturation is proposed as a what process

Answer 1

multidimensional
process consisting of the confluence among heritage-cultural and receiving-cultural practices, values, and identifications.

Question 2

an expanded operationalization of acculturation is needed to address the …

Answer 2

“immigrant paradox,”

Question 3

what is the “immigrant paradox”

Answer 3

international migrants with more exposure to the
receiving cultural context report poorer mental and physical health outcomes

Question 4

what is acculturation

Answer 4

changes that
take place as a result of contact with culturally dissimilar
people, groups, and social influences

Question 5

who can acculturation happen to

Answer 5

any intercultural contact e.g. globalization so anyone

Question 6

why are their gaps in values between many migrants
and the societies that are receiving them

Answer 6

collectivistic vs individualistic

Question 7

Acculturation was originally conceptualized as ….

Answer 7

a unidimensional process in which retention of the heritage
culture and acquisition of the receiving culture were cast as
opposing ends of a single continuum= as gain one culture must get rid of another = straight line assimilation. receiving and traditional culture are independent dimensions

Question 8

Within Berry’s model, these two dimensions (old and new culture) intersect to create four
acculturation categories

Answer 8

assimilation, integration, marginalization and separation

Question 9

T: (adopts the receiving culture and discards the heritage culture)

Answer 9

assim

Question 10

T: (rejects the receiving culture and retains the heritage culture)

Answer 10

seperation

Question 11

T: adopts the receiving culture and retains
the heritage culture

Answer 11

integration= biculturalism

Question 12

T: rejects both the
heritage and receiving cultures

Answer 12

marginalizaition

Question 13

which best

Answer 13

integration

Question 14

, the degree of ease versus difficulty
involved in integrating one’s heritage and receiving cultures is, at least in part, determined by …

Answer 14

the degree of
similarity (actual or perceived) between the heritage and
receiving cultures

Question 15

refer to the process of selectively acquiring or retaining elements of one’s heritage culture while
also selectively acquiring some elements from the receiving cultural context :T

Answer 15

enculturation

Question 16

The acculturation categories model, however, has
been criticized on 3 fronts

Answer 16

1 the cut point between
high and low is arbitrary and will differ across samples,
making comparisons across studies difficult= not all of Berry’s categories may exist in a given
sample or population, and that some categories may have
multiple subtypes
2 validity of marginalization as an approach
to acculturation has been questioned
3. one size fits all

Question 17

examined migrants in isolation and used terms
such as …, implying that individual
differences in acculturation outcomes are the result of
specific choices made by migrants

Answer 17

acculturation strategies

Question 18

to understand acculturation, one must understand the …. in which it occurs

Answer 18

interactional context

Question 19

e.g. of context?

Answer 19

characteristics of the migrants themselves, the groups or
countries from which they originate, their socioeconomic
status and resources, the country and local community in
which they settle, and their fluency in the language of the
country of settlement

Question 20

T: refers to membership in a group that holds a specific heritage
and set of values, beliefs, and customs

Answer 20

ethnicity`

Question 21

T: shared meanings, understandings, or referents held by a
group of people

Answer 21

culture

Question 22

Culture is always synonymous with nations and national boundaries. t or f

Answer 22

Culture is sometimes, but not always,
synonymous with nations and national boundaries.

Question 23

what contextual factors effect ease of acculturation

Answer 23

language, ethnicity, culture, cultural similarity and the circumstances surrounding their migration

Question 24

a shared language is part of the fabric of
national identity and that migrants who speak other languages (or cannot speak the language of the country or
region in which they are settling) are considered a …

Answer 24

threat to
national unity

Question 25

Berry enumerated four categories of migrants:

Answer 25

voluntary immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and sojourners

Question 26

do voluntary immigrants leave

Answer 26

search of employment, economic opportunities, marriage, or to join family members who have immigrated previously

Question 27

why do refugees leave

Answer 27

involuntarily displaced by war, persecution, or natural disasters and are resettled in a new country, usually by virtue of agreements between international aid agencies and the governments of those countries that have agreed to accept the refugees

Question 28

why do asylum seekers leave

Answer 28

those who, by their own choice, seek sanctuary in a new country because of fear of persecution or violence.

Question 29

why do sojourners leave

Answer 29

time-limited basis and for a specific purpose, with full intentions to return to their countries of origin after that period of time is over eg international students or seasonal workers

Question 30

these purposes for leaving contribute to levels of discrimination

Answer 30

t seen as a contributor or drain on countries resources

Question 31

acculturative stressors and discrimination may remain salient beyond the first generation t or f

Answer 31

T

Question 32

. For voluntary migrants—immigrants and asylum seekers—migration occurs because of the confluence of two general factors:

Answer 32

1 (a) The desire or need to leave the country of origin (the “push”) is stronger than the desire to stay there 2 (b) the receiving country is in need of the type and class of labor that the migrants have to offer.

Question 33

despite the rapid population growth among minority groups, Whites have remained economically advantaged why is this

Answer 33

discrimination

Question 34

T: holding even more strongly onto one’s cultural heritage and resisting adoption of the receiving culture

Answer 34

reactive ethnicity

Question 35

... encourages ethnic minority migrants and their descendants to remain separated from the mainstream receiving culture. (reactive eth)

Answer 35

discrimination

Question 36

patterns of acculturation observed in the United States can be translated to all to other countries of settlement.

Answer 36

caution should be taken when generalizing patterns of acculturation

Question 37

history of immigration in US

Answer 37

Since the founding of the original British colonies, the United States has attracted successive waves of migrants from various parts of the world, starting with the Irish in the mid-18th century and continuing through the Germans and Scandinavians in the late 18th and 19th centuries, the Southern and Eastern Europeans in the late 19th and 20th centuries, and the “new” immigration (consisting largely of Latin Americans and Asians) that started when restrictive immigration quotas were lifted in 1965

Question 38

discrimination against migrants perceived as different from the mainstream population is a new phenomenon t or f

Answer 38

f

Question 39

ethnicity disappears after the first generation for all im

Answer 39

f only for white ones look and act like others

Question 40

hispanic is an american term

Answer 40

t grouping all togehter

Question 41

Migrants of color therefore face the task of ...

Answer 41

integrating themselves into a society that may never fully accept them

Question 42

To Whom Does Acculturation Apply?

Answer 42

?

Question 43

what factors determine which subgroups of migrants may face different types of challenges?

Answer 43

ethnicity and cultural similarity, age of immigration (acquire cultural practices), visible second generation, ethnic enclaves

Question 44

migrants who arrive as young children as the “... generation”

Answer 44

1.5

Question 45

why does age matter

Answer 45

most direct contact with their countries of origin- easily identified as migrants (not speaking language = disrespectful)

Question 46

acculturation is an issue for some, but not all, second-generation migrants

Answer 46

t (recognizable= prompts questioning what ethnicity means to them)

Question 47

problem with studies of acculturation and health?

Answer 47

uni rather than bidimensional approaches to studying acculturations

Question 48

“greater” degrees of acculturation were associated with problematic health outcomes :T

Answer 48

immigrant paradox (better to not assimilate for ones health)

Question 49

Hispanics born in the United States, or who have spent a considerable amount of time in the United States, are more likely to be diagnosed with psychiatric disorders than are Hispanics born abroad or who arrived more recently

Answer 49

t

Question 50

problem with the link bw acculturation and health

Answer 50

doesnt adress biculturalism = not clear which dimension is responsible for the increase in risk for health-compromising behavior and whether the practical implication is that immigrants and their children should (a) be discouraged from acquiring the practices of their new homelands, (b) be encouraged to preserve practices and social ties from their countries of origin, or (c) both.

Question 51

different types of acculturation? which most studied

Answer 51

behavioral acculturation,” “value acculturation,” or “identitybased acculturation.” behavioural most studied

Question 52

e.g. of behavioural acc

Answer 52

language use

Question 53

language use explained less than ...% of variability in behavioral and value-based indices of acculturation

Answer 53

20

Question 54

T: the extent to which the person (a) has explored what her or his ethnic group means to her or him (exploration) and (b) values and feels attached to her/his ethnic group (affirmation)

Answer 54

ethnic idnetity

Question 55

3 parts of ethnic identity

Answer 55

the extent to which the person (a) has explored what her or his ethnic group means to her or him (exploration) and (b) values and feels attached to her/his ethnic group (affirmation) resolution—having decided what one’s ethnic group means following a period of exploration

Question 56

positive or neg outcomes of ethnic identity

Answer 56

both reported mostly positive

Question 57

American identity was associated with self-esteem for all

Answer 57

f only for white americans

Question 58

Ethnic identity appears to be protective

Answer 58

in most (but not all) cases, but we do not yet understand the functions of receiving-culture identity vis-a`-vis mental and physical health outcomes

Question 59

... like collectivism or machismo,humitity etc are also assumed to change as a result of acculturation

Answer 59

Cultural values

Question 60

... attitudes and values may place the person at risk for health-compromising behaviors, whereas ... attitudes and values may be protective.

Answer 60

individualistic, collectivist

Question 61

what is the multiculturalism hypothesis

Answer 61

those who are secure in their identity will be in a psychological position to accept those who are culturally different from them.=lower levels of ethnocentrism and more positive views of multiculturalism (both as policy and practice)

Question 62

dominant group members who are more accepting of a multicultural ideology benefits?

Answer 62

higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction

Question 63

how accepting are people who exp discrimination

Answer 63

made to feel less secure, either by questioning their right to be who they are (by discrimination or exclusion) or by threat (to their identity or very existence) = reciprocate this negative affect by turning against those who undermine their security

Question 64

T persons experiencing rejection by others develop an identity that is opposite to one that relates to the source of the rejection. holding even more strongly onto one’s cultural heritage and resisting adoption of the receiving culture.

Answer 64

“reactive ethnicity”

Question 65

discrimination encourages ethnic minority migrants and their descendants to ...

Answer 65

remain separated from the mainstream receiving culture= reactive eth