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Radiology > Week 1 - Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Week 1 - Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Atom

A

The fundamental unit of matter

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3
Q

Two parts that make up an atom

A

Nucleus

Orbiting (e-)s

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Dense core of the atom composed of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

Neucleons

A

Protons and neutrons

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6
Q

Charge of each particle:

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

A

Positive

Neutral

Negative

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7
Q

What determines the atomic weight/mass # of an atom?

A

The amount of protons and neutrons

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8
Q

Neutral atom

A

Equal number of protons and electrons

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9
Q

Atomic #

A

The amount of protons in an atoms nucleus

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10
Q

Element

A

Substance made up of one type of atom

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11
Q

How much does an (e-) weigh compared to a neucleon?

A

1/1800 of the weight of a proton or neutron

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12
Q

Orbits/shells

A

The well-defined paths (e-)s travel around the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

Max. amount of shells around an atom and their names

A

7

K,L,M,N,O,P,Q

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14
Q

Electrostatic force/binding energy

What unit of measurement?

A

The attraction between the positive nucleus and negative (e-) / the energy that maintains (e-)s in their orbit

Electron volts (eV) or kilo electron volts (keV)

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15
Q

Which shell has the strongest binding energy?

A

K shell

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16
Q

Binding energies for tungsten atoms (K to M shells)

A

K - 70 keV
L - 12 keV
M - 3 keV

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17
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

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18
Q

Two ways to form a molecule

A
  1. Transfer of electrons

2. Sharing of electrons between outermost shells

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19
Q

Ion

A

Electrically unbalanced atom from the gain or loss of (e-)s

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20
Q

Ionization

A

The production of ions / process of converting atoms to ions

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21
Q

Ion pair

A

When and electron is removed from an atom in the ionization process

Atom becomes positive ion

(e-) becomes negative ion

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22
Q

Radioactivity

Characteristics of radioactive substances

A

When unstable atoms undergo spontaneous disintegration (decay) to attain a more balanced nuclear state

Radioactive substances give off energy in the form of particles or rays

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23
Q

Ionizing radiation and two types

A

Radiation capable of producing ions

Particulate radiation and electromagnetic radiation

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24
Q

Particulate radiation and four types

A

Tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines at high speeds

Electrons (beta particles or cathode rays)
Alpha particles (two protons and two neutrons)
Protons (hydrogen nuclei)
Neutrons

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25
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Propagation of wavelike energy without mass through space or matter accompanied by oscillating electric and magnetic fields positioned at right angles to one another

Man made it occur naturally

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26
Q

Examples of EMR

A 
Cosmic rays
Gamma rays 
X-rays 
Ultraviolet rays
Visible light
Infrared light
Microwaves
Radio waves
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27
Q

How are EMRs arranged

A

On electromagnetic spectrum from lower energy to high energy

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28
Q

Ionizing radiation and examples

A

High-energy EMR

Cosmic, gamma and x-rays

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29
Q

Two concepts that describe EMR

A

Particle concept and wave concept

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30
Q

Particle concept

A

Characterized EMR as discreet bundles of energy called photons that travel in waves at the speed of light moving in a straight line

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31
Q

Wave concept

A

Characterizes EMR as waves and focuses on the properties of velocity, wavelength and frequency

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32
Q

Velocity

A

The speed of the wave of EMR

all EMR travels at the speed of light in a vacuum

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33
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next

Determines the energy and penetrating power of EMR

Shorter wavelength = more energy and penetrating power

Measured in nanometers or meters

Inversely related to frequency

34
Q

Frequency

A

The number of wavelengths that pass a certain point in a certain amount of time

High frequency EMRs have higher energy and penetrating power

Inversely related to wavelength

35
Q

X-ray focusing capability

A

Cannot be focused to a point

Always diverge from a point

36
Q

X-ray mass and charge

A

X rays have no mass or charge

37
Q

X-ray effect on living tissues

A

Cause biological changes in living cells

38
Q

X-ray fluorescence capability

A

Can cause certain substances to fluoresce or emit radiation in longer wavelengths

39
Q

Control panel

A

Controls x-ray settings

40
Q

Extension arm

A

Suspends tubehead, positions tubehead, houses electrical wires extending from control panel to tubehead

41
Q

Metal housing

A

Surrounds X-ray tube and transformers

Filled with insulating oil

Protects x-ray tube and grounds high voltage components

42
Q

Insulating oil

A

Surrounds x-ray tube and transformers

Absorbs heat

43
Q

Tubehead seal

A

Leaded glass covering that permits exit of x-rays from tubehead, seals in oil, filters x-ray beam

44
Q

X-ray tube

A

Heart of x-ray generating system

45
Q

Transformer

A

Device that alters voltage of incoming electricity

46
Q

Aluminum disks

A

0.5 mm thick aluminum sheets that filter out non penetrating longer wavelength x-rays

47
Q

Lead collimator

A

Lead plate with central hole that fits over opening of metal housing

Restricts size of x-ray beam

48
Q

Position indicating device (PID) or Cone

A

Open ended lead lined cylinder

Extends from opening of metal housing

Aims and shapes x-ray beam

49
Q

Leaded glass housing

A

Vacuum tube that prevents x-rays from escaping in all directions

Has window that permits x-rays to exit towards aluminum disks, lead collimator and PID

50
Q

Cathode

A

Negative electrode consisting of tungsten wire in a cup shaped holder made of molybdenum

Supplies necessary (e-)s to generate x-rays

51
Q

Tungsten filament

A

Coiled wire made of tungsten

Produces (e-)s when heated

52
Q

Molybdenum cup

A

Focuses (e-)s into narrow beam towards tungsten target of anode

53
Q

Anode

A

Positive electrode consisting of tungsten plate or target embedded in a solid copper rod

Converts (e-)s into x-ray photons

54
Q

Tungsten target

A

Wafer thin tungsten plate that converts (e-)s into x-ray photons

55
Q

Copper stem

A

Dissipates heat away from tungsten target

56
Q

Electrical current

A

The flow of electrons through a conductor

57
Q

Direct current

A

When (e-)s flow in one direction through a conductor

Steady constant electric charge

58
Q

Alternating current

A

Electrical current where (e-)s flow in two opposite directions

Current alternates between positive and negative forming a voltage waveform

59
Q

Rectification

A

The conversion of AC to DC

X-ray tube self rectifies by changing AC to DC while producing x-rays

Ensures current is always flowing from cathode to anode

60
Q

DC x-ray machines vs AC

A

DCs are newer

DCs produce a homogenous beam of consistent wavelengths whereas ACs produced x-ray beam with wavelike pattern

DCs create steady supply of power so x-rays are smooth and consistent which reduces patient radiation exposure

DCs operate at lower kilovoltage

61
Q

Amperage

A

Measurement of number of electrons moving through conductor

Measures in amperes (A) or milliamperes (mA)

62
Q

Voltage

A

Measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from a negative to positive pole

Measured in volts (V) or kilovolts (kV)

63
Q

Circuit

A

Path of electrical current

64
Q

Filament circuit

A

Regulates flow of electrical current to the filament in X-ray tube

Used 3-5V

65
Q

High-voltage circuit

A

Provides high voltage required to accelerate electrons

Uses 65,000-100,000V

66
Q

Step-down transformers

A

Decreases voltage from incoming 110-220 line voltage to the 3-5V used by filament circuit

Has more wire coils in primary coil than secondary coil

67
Q

Step-up transformer and auto transformer

A

Increases voltage from 110-220 line voltage to 65,000-100,000V used by high voltage circuit

Voltage compensator that corrects for minor fluctuations in the current

68
Q

Thermionic emission

A

The release of electrons from the tungsten filament when electrical current passes through it

69
Q

What percentage of energy is converted into x-rays in the x-ray tube? What happens to the rest?

A

1%

Rest is lost as heat

70
Q

General radiation

A

“General as in General Motors as in cars as in braking”:

Produces 70% of x-rays

When electron hits or passes close to nucleus

Hitting nucleus is rare and creates a high-energy x-ray photon

When electron passes close to nucleus it gets attracted and loses some energy creating a range of x-rays with different energies and wavelengths

71
Q

Characteristic Radiation

A

When high speed electron dislodges inner shell electron of tungsten atom causing ionization of the atom

Remaining electrons rearrange to fill the vacancy which releases energy creating an x-ray photon

Only occurs at 70kV and above because binding energy of tungsten inner shell electron is 70keV

72
Q

Primary radiation

A

The penetrating x-ray beam that is produced in X-ray tube and exits tubehead. Beam referred to as primary or useful beam

73
Q

Secondary radiation

A

X-radiation created after primary beam interacts with matter

Less penetrating than primary radiation

74
Q

Scatter radiation

A

Form of secondary radiation

X-ray that has been deflected from its path by interaction with matter

Travels to all parts of patients body and the room

Detrimental to patient and radiographer

75
Q

Four types of interactions of x-radiation

A

No interaction

Absorption and photoelectric effect

Compton scatter

Coherent/unmodified scatter

76
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

Photon collides with inner shell electron, releasing all its energy, getting absorbed, and creating an ion pair by ejecting the electron out of orbit

Accounts for 30% of interactions

77
Q

Photoelectron

A

Electron ejected by photoelectric effect

78
Q

Compton scatter

A

X-ray photon collides with outer shell electron, giving up some of its energy and creating an ion pair by ejecting the electron out of orbit

Causes photon to change direction at a lower energy level and interact with other atoms until all its energy is gone

Accounts for 62% of interaction

79
Q

Compton or recoil electron

A

Ejected electron from Compton scatter

80
Q

Coherent or unmodified scatter

A

When low energy photon interacts with an outer shell electron

No change in energy or change in the atom occurs. The photon changes direction

81
Q

Background radiation

A

Natural radiation created in the environment or human body

E.g. radon in soil and water, in brick used to build houses, etc.

Radiology (2 decks)

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