Week 1 - Chapter 5

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

the processing of information from the external world by receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, and brain)

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about the objects, events, and spatial layout of the world around us

Question 3

Preferential looking

Answer 3

distinguishes if young children can see the difference between a blank screen and a screen with something on it

Question 4

Habituation

Answer 4

Repeating a particular stimulus until the infant habituates, that is, until their response declines

Question 5

What does the preferential-looking method enable researchers to assess?

Answer 5

Visual acuity, to determine how clearly infants can see.

ie, simple patterns and a solid gray field

Question 6

Why do infants prefer to look at patterns of high visual contrast (i.e., black and white checkers?)

Answer 6

Because young infants have poor contrast sensitivity & can only detect a pattern when it is composed of highly contrasting elements

Question 7

At what age does color vision become similar to adults in infants?

Answer 7

2 months

Question 8

When do infants begin to develop better visual acuity?

Answer 8

Recognizing patterns and faces by 2-3 months.

Question 9

What type of perception allows infants to perceive how far objects are

Answer 9

depth perception

By 6-12 months, infants use depth perception to navigate the environment, as demonstrated by the visual cliff experiment

Question 10

Object permanence

Answer 10

when an object is out of sight, it is out of mind for young children (age 8 months old

Question 11

What experience may benefit object permanence development

Answer 11

crawling

Question 12

Violation-of-expectancy procedure

Answer 12

A procedure used to study infant cognition in which they are shown an event that should evoke surprise or goes against the infant’s knowledge

Question 13

Infants look __ at the location of surprising or impossible events

Infants look ___ at the location of expected events

Answer 13

longer
less

Question 14

Auditory perception

Answer 14

hearing

Well-developed compared to the visual system

Question 15

Auditory localization

Answer 15

Orienting towards where a sound came from

improves during infancy

Question 16

intermodal perception *multimodal peception

Answer 16

combining information from two two or more sensory systems

Question 17

what is faster habituation during infancy predictive of

Answer 17

higher IQ in adulthood

Question 17

classical conditioning

Answer 17

Conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) - Such as a bell preceded the unconditioned stimulus alone UCS - such as food until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the innate conditioned response CR (such as salivation in a dog)

Question 17

What happens before conditioning?

Answer 17

Food (UCS) → Pleasure (UCR)
Before conditioning, food automatically causes pleasure (unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

Question 18

What happens during conditioning?

Answer 18

food (UCS) + Caregiver (NS) → Pleasure (UCR)

During conditioning, food (unconditioned stimulus) is paired with the caregiver (neutral stimulus), and the infant experiences pleasure (unconditioned response)
Each time the caregiver is present, food is also given, and the baby experiences pleasure..

Question 18

What happens after conditioning?

Answer 18

Caregiver (CS) → Pleasure (CR)

After conditioning, the caregiver (now a conditioned stimulus) alone elicits pleasure (conditioned response).

Each time the caregiver is present, food is also given, and the baby experiences pleasure.

Question 19

Instrumental conditioning

Answer 19

how consequences lead to changes in voluntary behavior

Question 20

Instrumental conditioning 2 components

Answer 20

reinforcement and punishment

add or remove

Question 21

statistical learning

Answer 21

detecting statistically predictable patterns and learning patterns of events through repeated exposure to those patterns

*already present in newborns

Question 22

goldilocks effect

Answer 22

refers to children’s tendency to focus on events that are not too easy or too hard, but just right for their development. Children engage with tasks that challenge them enough to foster learning without being overly difficult or too sim

Question 23

statistical learning example: bath

Answer 23

Before learning: indifferent to bath time After learning: Infant knows that the sound of running water precedes bath time

Question 24

Rational learning

Answer 24

Ability to use prior experiences to predict what will happen in the future

Question 25

active learning

Answer 25

learning by actively engaging with the world, rather than passively observing objects and events learning by experimentation and hypothesis testings

Question 26

example of active learning

Answer 26

learning about gravity

Question 27

observational learning and imitation

Answer 27

Infants do not just imitate - they infer the intention of others and imitate the goal rather than the action

Question 28

observational learning

Answer 28

learning by watching other people (social ,learnig)

Question 29

what type of learning do infants have NO expectation before learning

Answer 29

habituation classical conditioning operant conditioning statistical learning 0.5 observational learning

Question 30

what type of learning do infants have expectation before learning

Answer 30

rational active 0.5 observational

Question 31

What type of vision emerges at about 4 months

Answer 31

binocular vision and the ability to identify object boundaries (object segregation)

Question 32

What type of vision emerges at about 7 months

Answer 32

infants are sensitive to a variety of monocular, or pictorial depth cues

Question 33

What do experts believe that is contrary to piagets beliefs

Answer 33

that young infants can remember objects that are no longer visible

Question 34

How does motor development proceed in infants

Answer 34

through a series of motor milestones, starting with newborn reflexes

Question 35

A researcher presents an infant with 2 objects. To determine whether the infant can discriminate between the objects and favours one over the other, the researcher measures the amount of time the infant spend looking at each other. What experimental technique is this?

Answer 35

preferential looking technique

Question 36

the understanding that two objects are separate, even when touching is referred to as

Answer 36

object segregation

Question 37

one month old is shown. small cube close to her and a large cube far from her. B/c different distances, she appears them to be the same size. Bellas actions indicate that she knows the second cube is larger, signifying that she has

Answer 37

perceptual constancy

Question 38

an infants ability to follow the path of a moving object is a demonstration of

Answer 38

smooth pursuit eye movement

Question 39

why do young infants have more trouble with auditory localization than older infants and children do?

Answer 39

b/c young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the other.

Question 40

the tendancy of an infant to look longer at a similing face that is paired with a happy voice is an indication of that infants

Answer 40

intermodal perception

Question 41

5 week old jamal is touched on the cheek and promptly turns his head to the side he was touched. he is displaying

Answer 41

the rooting reflex

Question 42

priya is 2 months old. She wants to get her hands on the rattle that is lying next to her, however, all she can do is make very clumsy swiping movements in the general vicinity of the toy. Her movements are known as

Answer 42

pre-reaching motions

Question 43

7 month old trevor has learned that small round objects can be rolled across a flat surface. trevors discovery is an example of which developmental learning process?

Answer 43

affordances

Question 44

5 month old kenji is in his crib. his mother hides out of view and pop and yells "boo". he squeals, but after his mother repeats it a few times his excitement dissipates. His response is an example of

Answer 44

habituation

Question 45

infants will look longer at a seemingly impossible event than at a possible event: example of?

Answer 45

violation of expectancy rule

Question 46

2 year old jayden attempts to put her foot inside a toy car that is too small. she is making what type of error

Answer 46

scale error

Question 47

how does the element of surprise aid in the process of active learning in infants?

Answer 47

infants are more likely to search for explanations to unexpected events

Question 48

active learning

Answer 48

engaged, hands on learning

Question 49

affordances

Answer 49

opportunities for action in the environment

Question 50

Auditory Localization:

Answer 50

Identifying sound direction.

Question 51

Binocular Disparity:

Answer 51

Difference in images from two eyes.

Question 52

Cone Cells

Answer 52

photoreceptor cells in the retina that help detect color and fine detail.

Question 53

Monocular Depth or Pictorial Cues:

Answer 53

Depth perception with one eye (e.g., size, overlap).

Question 54

optical expansion

Answer 54

Objects appear larger as they approach

Question 55

perceptual constancy

Answer 55

Recognizing objects as constant despite changes.

Question 56

perceptual narrowing

Answer 56

Focus on specific stimuli with age or experience.

Question 57

pre reaching movement

Answer 57

Early, uncoordinated arm movements before actual reaching.

Question 58

rotational learning

Answer 58

Learning to adjust to rotations or changes in spatial orientation

Question 59

reflex

Answer 59

Involuntary, automatic response to stimuli.

Question 60

scale error

Answer 60

: Mistaking the size of objects, often seen in young children (e.g., trying to sit in a tiny toy car).

Question 61

grasp error

Answer 61

Mistakes in gripping or holding an object, often due to incorrect hand positioning.

Question 62

self location

Answer 62

Awareness of one’s position in space.

Question 63

Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement:

Answer 63

Eyes smoothly following a moving object.

Question 64

stepping reflex

Answer 64

infant reflex where they move their legs as if walking when held upright.

Question 65

stereopsis

Answer 65

Depth perception from the slight difference between the images seen by both eyes.