week 1 FOM Flashcards by Amy napuni

what is health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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aspects to be considered when referring to health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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what is meant by wellbeing

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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pathology

Study of disease
causes, development, progress
appearances
explains presentation
rationale for treatment
What we mean by “unhealthy”

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what is disease

disease is continuously evolving and has a natural history

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diagnosis

ability to define abnormality consistently

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prognosis

ability to predict the outcome of a diagnosis

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aetiology

cause of a disease

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pathogenesis

how a disease develops

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symptom

patients pov

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what are causes of pathology

natural disease
unnatural conditions

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examples of natural diseases

common cold

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example of unnatural conditions

fractured radius after a fall

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what are the kinds of natural diseases

inflammation
circulatory disturbances eg Virchow`s triad
disorders of cell growth
degenerative disorders
psychological conditions
developmental conditions

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examples of unnatural conditions

1.Traumatic
-accidental or deliberate
-eg fractured bone
2.Iatrogenic
-treatment related
eg immunosuppression in chemotherapy for malignancy

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what are the different types of fluid compartment

intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid

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what are the components of extracellular fluid

interstitial fluid
plasma

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water movements between the compartments

through aquaporins

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concentration of minerals in the ECF and ICF

more potassium ions inside and sodium outside

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properties of the cell membrane

1.cell membranes are a selective barrier.
2.permeability will vary between the cell.
3.membranes are dynamic
4.membranes are very thin double layers of sheets.
5.membranes are very flexible
6.they are excellent insulators

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what are the functions of membrane proteins

Receptors
Transport (transporter and channel proteins)
Enzymes
Maintenance of cell structure (anchorage)
Communication

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proteins as receptors

there is communication of the different molecules ; the receptor is a protein molecule that forms metabotropic receptor linked with a g protein.

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types of transporters

channel proteins - they create a pore through which molecules usually water and ions flow.
transporters
transporters - such as the glucose transporters that create a continuous flow of materials.
enzymes -Enzymatic part may be on external side of membrane e.g. those found in small intestine which break down nutrients into smaller units, or internal side such as those associated with converting signals carried from receptors into an intracellular response e.g.:

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proteins as enzymes

Enzymatic part may be on external side of membrane e.g. those found in small intestine which break down nutrients into smaller units, or internal side such as those associated with converting signals carried from receptors into an intracellular response e.g.:

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structural proteins on the membrane

anchor the cell membrane to the intracellular skeleton and to the extracellular matrix ( collagen) that is through the dysfunction or loss that can cause serious debility for example lack of dystrophin protein in Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy. also intercellular joining which helps in CAMs by providing temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell to cell interactions.

membrane proteins and communication

1.glycoprotein for cell to cell communication. 2.hormone receptor for long distance communication which converts the chemical signals into intracellular responses.

communication between a metabotropic protein receptor

integral receptor protein to peripheral proteins to an integral enzyme protein

protein content in the different membranes

1.Myelin: a specialised type of membrane that serves as an insulator around myelinated nerve fibres has a low content of protein (18%), major component is lipid, very good insulator so ideal for function. 2. Plasma membranes of most other cells have much greater activity and protein content is typically 50%. 3. Membranes involved in energy transduction such as the inner membranes of mitochondria, have highest protein content, 75%.

what causes an electrical gradient

the difference in the concentration of the charges between the inside and outside of the cell.

electrochemical gradient

1.The net effect of these two forces create an electrochemical gradient which ultimately drives the direction of passive movement. 2.Any movement against this gradient requires energy (active transport

what are the mechanisms of movement of the cell

diffusion active transport osmosis filtration

exocytosis and endocytosis

endocytosis movement into the cell exocytosis movement out of the cell

passive diffusion

through protein channels through protein transporters

The net effect of these two forces create an electrochemical gradient which ultimately drives the direction of passive movement. Any movement against this gradient requires energy (active transport

yes

passive diffusion

substance moves directly through the lipid bilayer

facilitated diffusion

substance require assistance from membrane proteins to cross the lipid bilayer.

factors that favor passive diffusion

small uncharged lipophilic

facilitated diffusion through the lipid layer

use of channels use of mediated transport proteins

facilitated diffusion through channels

ligand gated channels /voltage gated channels allow only the passage of sodium potassium ,chloride and hydrogen ions.

factors to consider for ion diffusion

electrochemical gradient that is both the electrical and the concentration gradient.

molecules that are transported using the carrier mediated transport proteins

gluocose

when does the carrier protein also function as an enzyme

when the electrochemical gradient opposes the movement of the fluids; energy in the form of ATP is required .In this case the carrier protein also functions as an enzyme which hydrolyses ATP to release energy.

volume changes in a freely permeable membrane

there is no change in the volume because there is movement of both molecules

volume in a selectively water permeable membrane .

volume increases in the side with the most solute concentration to bring its concentration as low as the other one .

what is osmotic pressure

pressure required to oppose water movement

osmosis with no diffusion will lead to a change in the cell volume

because there is only movement of water on one side .

capillary wall permeability

permeable to everything except plasma proteins

osmolarity

measuring the concentration of biological solutions is osmoles

osmolarity of plasma

285 or 300

what does osmolarity reflect

reflects the number of particles in a solution and it says nothing about the nature of the particles which critically does not tell if the particles can cross the membranes

example of non penetrating solutes

In ECF, Na+ and Cl- act as non-penetrating solutes. In ICF, K+ (and organic anions) act as non-penetrating solutes

composition of blood

plasma red blood cells white blood cells

composition of plasma

albumin globulin clotting factors

what are the causes of hypoproteinaemia

prolonged starvation liver disease intestinal diseases nephrosis (kidney disease)

characteristic of hypoproteinaemia

oedema due to the loss of oncotic pressure

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

divides into committed and uncommitted cells

lifespan of red blood cells

120 days

most abundant blood cell

red blood cell

erythropoiesis

red blood cell formation

what is an immature red blood cell

erythroblast

factors that accelerate erythropoietin release

anaemia lung disease cardiac dysfunction haemorrhage all this is because there is reduced oxygen delivery to the kidneys.

most abundant white blood cell

neutrophil 68% half life of 10 hours

least abundant white blood cells

basophils

what are monocytes

they become macrophage after some time and they are live for 3 months

leukopoiesis

controlled by cytokines

examples of cytokines

Colony Stimulating Factors e.g. Granulocyte CSF - Interleukins

raise of lymphocytes

viral infection

life span of platelets

10 days

thrombopoietin

hormone that accelerates the production of platelets

haematocrit

that is the percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood ranges from 40- 50 %

bilirubin

formed from the destruction of red blood cells

viscosity of blood

dependent on haematocrit temperature flow rate