Week 1 - Lecture 2a - A review on cellular structure and function

Question 1

Chemical level

Answer 1

Atoms combine to form molecules

Question 2

cellular level

Answer 2

cells are made up of molecules

Question 3

Tissue level

Answer 3

tissues consist of similar types of cells

Question 4

Organ level

Answer 4

organs are made up of different types of tissues

Question 5

Organ system level

Answer 5

organ system level consists of different organs that work together closely

Question 6

Organism level

Answer 6

the human organism is made up of many organ systems

Question 7

Integumentary system

Answer 7

separates the internal environment from the external environment

Question 8

Nervous system

Answer 8

Major regulatory system of the internal environment; senses change, integrates and sends signals to effections (muscular organs, glands)

Question 9

Digestive system

Answer 9

breaks down nutrients from the external environment and absorbs them into the internal environment

Question 10

Respiratory system

Answer 10

exchanges O2 and CO2 between the internal and external environment

Question 11

Endocrine system

Answer 11

Regulates internal environment by secreting hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target areas

Question 12

Circulatory system

Answer 12

transports nutrients, water, oxygen, hormones, wastes and other materials within the internal environment

Question 13

Skeletal system

Answer 13

supports, protects and moves body, also stores minerals

Question 14

Muscular system

Answer 14

powers and directs skeletal movements

Question 15

Reproductive system

Answer 15

produces sex cells that form offspring, ensuring survival of genes. Females system is also site of fertilisation and early development

Question 16

Immune system

Answer 16

defends internal environment against injury from foreign cells and other irritants

Question 17

Lymphatic system

Answer 17

Drains excess fluid from tissues, cleans it and returns it to the blood

Question 18

Urinary system

Answer 18

adjusts internal environment by excreting excess water, salt and other substances

Question 19

review

Answer 19

cell structure slide 5

Question 20

Plasma membrane composition and function

Answer 20

C: lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroid, proteins and carbohydrates
F: isolation, protection, sensitivity, support; controls entry and exit of materials

Question 21

Cytosol Composition and function

Answer 21

C: fluid component of cytoplasm
F: distributes materials by diffusion

Question 22

Cyto skeleton (Microtubule/Microfilaments) Composition and function

Answer 22

C: proteins organised in fine filaments or slender tubes
F: Strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials

Question 23

Microvilli composition and function

Answer 23

C: membranes extensions containing microfilaments
F: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

Question 24

Centrosome (centrioles) composition and function

Answer 24

C: cytoplasm containing two centrioles at right angles, each centriole at right angles each centriole is composed of 9 microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 array

F: essential for movement chromosomes during cell division ; organisation of microtubules in cytoskeleton

Question 25

Cilia composition and function

Answer 25

C: membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array F: movement of material over cell surface

Question 26

Ribosomes Composition and function

Answer 26

C: RNA +proteins, fixed ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm F: protein synthesis

Question 27

Proteasome composition and function

Answer 27

C: hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at ends F: breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

Question 28

Mitochondria composition and function

Answer 28

C: double membrane, with inner membrane fold (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes F: produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell

Question 29

Endoplasmic Reticulum composition and function

Answer 29

C: networks of membranous channels, extending throughout the cytoplasm F: synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport

Question 30

Rough ER composition and function

Answer 30

C: has ribosomes bound to membranes F: modification and packaging of newly synthesised proteins

Question 31

Smooth ER composition and function

Answer 31

C: lacks attached processes F: lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

Question 32

Golgi apparatus composition and function

Answer 32

C:stacks of flattened membranes (cristenae) containing chambers F: storage, alteration and packaging of secretary products and lysosomal enzymes

Question 33

Lysosomes composition and function

Answer 33

C:Vesicles containing digestive enzymes F: intracellular removal of damaged organelles of pathogens

Question 34

Peroxisome composition and function

Answer 34

C: vesicle containing degradative enzymes F: catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralisation of toxic compounds generated in the process

Question 35

Nucleus composition and function

Answer 35

C: nucleoplasm containing nucleotides , enzymes nucleoproteins and chromatin; surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) F: control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis

Question 36

Nucleolus composition and function

Answer 36

C: dense region in the nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA F: site of RNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits

Question 37

What is cell diffusion

Answer 37

cell travel from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 38

what is simple diffusion

Answer 38

the process of a substance moving through a membrane without the use of an intermediary such as an integral membrane protein

Question 39

What is endocytosis

Answer 39

the taking in of a matter by a living cell by investigation of its membrane to form a vacuole 'into cell'

Question 40

What is exocytosis

Answer 40

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane 'out of cell'

Question 41

what is pinocytosis

Answer 41

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane fluid phase endocytosis

Question 42

What is phagocytosis

Answer 42

engulfing of foreign solids by phagocytic cells | - releasing oxygen free radicals

Question 43

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 43

engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs (enzymes, insulin, flu virus, diphtheria, cholera toxin

Question 44

Secretion via exocytosis

Answer 44

cellular products packaged into vesicles transport out of the cell by exocytosis

Question 45

Respiration

Answer 45

we can use glucose to produce energy -oxygen helps get the most out of it in the absence of oxygen, we can only use glycolysis and make a few ATP - with oxygen can make a lot of ATP 2: 32 ATP

Question 46

Communication

Answer 46

proteins are important for cell function - genes control production in response to cellular need Feedback mechanisms regulate gene activation - control productions of proteins - prevent cellular damage by overproduction of under production

Question 47

Reproduction

Answer 47

cellular division under genetic control cellular proliferation increases cell numbers cellular differentiation directs the development of specific cell types - all cells contain identical genetic material - differentiation explains how a cell develops one type of tissue, another develops to another most of a cell's life is spent in the non-dividing state (interphase)

Question 48

Meiosis

Answer 48

cell division producing gametes (sex cells, half of the chromosomes)

Question 49

Mitotic cell division

Answer 49

produces clones ( I reproduce myself) - essential for the body growth and tissue repair - occurs continuously in some cells - - skin : intestinal lining : immune cells (during infection) - Less frequently - -liver cells, maintain organ size - none in most mature cells of nervous tissue, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle - -repairs with fibrous tissue