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Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Average Daily Carb intake

A

300 - 500 g / Day

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2
Q

Average Daily Protein intake
(essential a.a)

A

40 - 100 g / Day

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3
Q

Average Daily Fats intake

A

50 - 100 g / Day

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4
Q

Average Daily Water intake

A

1.5 - 2 L / Day

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5
Q

3 Phases of Digesgtion

A

1) Luminal phase
2) Small intestinal phase
3) Intracellular digestion

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6
Q

Digestion in Oral phase

A
  • a-Amylase (starch)
  • Lipase (important in infants / pancreas dev.)
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7
Q

Absorption in Oral phase

A

Lipid-soluble substances
(drugs, nicotine, ethanol)
- Nitroglycerin in case of Angina to bypass liver filtration & quicker

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8
Q

Digestion in Gastric phase

A
  • Pepsinogen (10-15% of protein deg.)
  • Gastric Lipase
    (chief cells)
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9
Q

Absorption in Gastric phase

A

Lipid-soluble products
(ethanol, lipophilic drugs: aspirin)

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10
Q

Desquamation

A

Shedding of Enterocytes every 2-3 days to maintain new cells
(basically the cell-turnover)
The macromolecules in cells are reclaimed by GI

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11
Q

Carbohydrate forms

A
  • Amylopectin (branched)
  • Amylose (a-1,4 glycosidic)
  • Cellulose (B-1,4 glycosidic)
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12
Q

Which carbohydrate form contributes to Feces?

A

Cellulose
Due to B-1,4 glycosidic bonds bw glucose that cannot be hydrolyzed

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13
Q

Principal dietary disaccharides

A
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
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14
Q

Principal dietary monosaccharides

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
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15
Q

Luminal Carb. Digestion

A

a-Amylase hydrolyzes internal a-1,4 glycosidic bonds resulting in:
- Maltose
- Maltotriose
- a-Dextrins

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16
Q

Brush-border Carb. Digestion

A

Oligosaccharidases on epithelial apical membrane to break disaccharides to monosaccharides

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17
Q

Lactose digestion

A

Lactase
= Glucose + Galactose

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18
Q

Sucrose digestion

A

Sucrase
= Glucose + Fructose

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19
Q

Maltose digestion

A

Maltase (glucoamylase)
= Glucose (1,4)

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20
Q

a-Dextrin digestion

A

Isomaltase (a-dextrinase)
= Glucose (1,6)

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21
Q

GLUT5

A

Fructose transport from Apical membrane, Slow & easily overwhelmed

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22
Q

GLUT2

A

Transport of all 3 monosaccharides
(glucose, galactose, fructose)

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23
Q

Protein intake from internal sources

A

50g / Day from Desquamation & Enzymes

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24
Q

What % of proteins is digested in stomach?

A

10 - 15%

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25
What activates Trypsinogen?
Enteropeptidases
26
How do di/tripeptides get absorbed?
They use H+ coupled transport (25% of total)
27
Lipid digestion enzymes
- Lipases (TG) - Phospholipase A2 (PL) - Cholesterol esterase (CE)
28
What is needed to activate Lipid digestive enzymes?
Colipase - Requires activation by Trypsin in small intestine - Attached the lipase to fat droplet
29
What structure is required to absorb digested lipids?
Micelles (mixed) also contain Bile acids
30
Lipid uptake mechanism Luminal
1) Micelle interacts with acidic unstirred layer directly above ep. 2) Hydrophobic molecules dissolve out of micelles. 3) Deprotonated FA become protonated & uncharged 4) Now lipophilic molecules are taken up passively
31
Lipid uptake mechanism Intracellular
1) Digested lipid molecules in enterocytes converted back to TG 2) TG go to SER & Golgi and packaged into Chylomicrons 3) Lipoproteins taken up by Central Lacteals to enter circulation
32
Absorption of Bile acids
1) After FA taken up due to acidic unstirred layer, only Bile A. remain - Active uptake: Terminal Ileum by Na+/Bile acid Symporter (conjugated bile) - Passive uptake: Duodenum by diffusion (unconjugated bile)
33
What up-regulates Na absorption? & opposite
Aldosterone for expression of ENaC in distal colon (inh. by amiloride)
34
Ca2+ Average Daily intake
1 g / Day
35
Ca2+ Average Daily Absorption
0.4 g / Day (mostly duodenum & jejunum) Mostly passive paracellular
36
What binds Ca?
Calbindin
37
What regulates Ca absorption in hypocalcemia?
Calcitriol & Parathyroid H.
38
Entire Iron pool in Body
4 g
39
Average Daily Iron loss
1 mg / Day (~3 mg / Day in Women)
40
2 forms of Dietary Iron
- Heme (absorbed intact by Enterocytes) - Non-heme (depends on pH)
41
Non-heme Iron absorption
- Ferric Fe3+: Not soluble at pH7 - Ferrous Fe2+: Soluble at pH7 absorbed by DMT-1
42
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
ADEK
43
Water-Soluble Vitamins
- B: 1, 2, 6, 12 - C - Niacin - Biotin - Folic Acid
44
How much B12 is needed per day?
2 - 4 micrograms / Day
45
How are most water-soluble Vitamins Absorbed?
Na coupled transport
46
Absorption of B12
1) Acidic pH & Pepsin release Cobalamin from dietary proteins 2) Salivary & Gastric glands secrete Haptocorrin (R-protein) binding & protecting B12 from low pH 3) R-protein cleaved by proteases from pancreatic juice, IF (par. cells) binds B12 4) Absorbed by Ileal enterocytes
47
What binds B12 in blood and where does it go?
Transcobalamin II To Liver
48
Location & % of Water absorption
- Small Intestines: Jejunum & Ileum ~80 - 85% - Colon: ~15 - 20%
49
Water intake per day
9 L / Day - 2L ingested - 7L from GI secretions
50
Out of total daily water intake where is it absorbed & lost?
- 8.5L in Small intestines - 0.5L passed onto Colon where 80-90% is absorbed, ~100mL excreted
51
Where are hormones secreted?
Into the blood except for Testosterone in Testicular ducts
52
Concentration of Hormones in blood
Micro/Nano/Pico-mol / L (10^ -6 - 10^ -12)
53
Technical Model of Negative Feedback
Input, Subtractor = Error signal -> Amplifier, Converter (hormone), Target -> Feedback Signal
54
Perturbation Effect
1) Regulated parameter thrown off 2) Feedback signal deviates 3) Increased error signal changes Hormone release 4) Hormone restores regulated parameter
55
Weight of Pituitary gland
0.6 g in Adults
56
Posterior lobe of Pituitary
Neurohypophysis - Store & Release of Oxytocin + Vasopressin produced by Hypothalamus (SON, PVN)
57
Anterior lobe of Pituitary
Adenohypophysis - Acido/Basophilic cells & Chromophobe cells - GH, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH
58
What cell produces GH
Somatotropic Cell
59
What cell produces Prolactin
Mammotropic (lactotrope) Cell
60
Placental Hormones GH/PL family
- Human Chorion Somatomammotropin (HCS) - Growth Hormone (GH)
61
Glycoprotein Hormone family Subunits
- a-Subunit: Identical 92AA - B-Subunit: Different, specific.
62
Glycoprotein Hormones
- TSH (thyrotropic c.) - FSH, LH (gonadotropic c.)
63
FSH effects
- Ovary: Granulosa cells, stimulates development of follicles - Testis: Sertoli cells, Regulates spermatogenesis
64
LH effects
- Ovary: Theca cells - Testis: Leydig cells
65
Placental Hormones Glycoprotein family
Human Chrionic Gonadotropin (HCG) - Bids LH-R maintaining corpus lut. - Basis of pregnancy test - Peak in first trimester
66
Pro-opio-melano-cortin Hormone Family (POMC)
- Makes a precursor polypeptide Prohormone - Needs to be cleaved to form hormones in ant/mid pit. (ACTH, B-endorphins, a-MSH)
67
What cell produces ACTH
Corticotropic cell
68
ACTH effects
- Major effects on Adrenal cortex Fasciculate layer - F-layer produces glucocorticoids like Cortisol
69
B-endorphins effects
Opioid - NT & Hormone associated with Hunger, Sex, ...
70
a-MSH effects
- Skin pigmentation & hair - First 13 a.a of ACTH
71
Regulation of Pituitary Hormone secretion
- Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones (RH) - Hypothalamic Release Inhibiting Hormones (RIH) - Negative-feedback from target hormones
72
Portal circulation of Pituitary
1) Capillary bed on Median eminence of Hypothalamus receives RH & RIH 2) Hypophyseal portal veins carry hormones to 2nd capillary bed 3) Adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary receive these RH + RIH hormones
73
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Stimulates GH (Gs)
74
Somatostatin (SST)
Inhibits GH & TSH (Gi)
75
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Stimulates TSH (Gq)
76
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates LH & FSH (Gq) Can be Gi inhibitory for pulsatile flow to prevent desensitization
77
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Stimulates ACTH (Gs)
78
Vasopressin Parvocellular & CRH
1) High ADH released by parvocellular cells in SON & PVN goes from Median eminence to ant. Pituitary 2) V1B-R (Gq) couples with CRH to release more ACTH
79
Vasopressin Magnocellular & CRH
1) Lower ADH released by Magnocellular cells in SON & PVN enter systemic circulation through Posterior Pituitary 2) V2-R (Gs) high affinity reg. water reabsorption
80
Dopamine
D2-R (Gi) - Inhibition of Prolactin
81
Inhibitors for GH secretion
- Somatostatin - Hyperglycemia - Increased blood FFA
82
GH Receptor Signaling
Cytokine signaling with Tyrosine Kinase 1) JAK2 activated and STAT5 is phosphorylated 2) STAT5 dimerizes and moves to Nucleus 3) Increased Gene expression
83
Somatomedins
Local growth factors/hormones stimulated by GH responsible for indirect effects of GH (IGF-1, NGF, EGF, PDGF, bFGF)
84
IGF-1 Role
Special Somatomedin (C) that enters blood through Liver and does not only act locally. - Negative feedback of GH release through Somatostatin release - Has a binding protein in blood
85
GH in fasting state
- GH increases to increase blood glucose levels - Somatomedins do NOT increase as we do not want to grow - So only primary GH effects are seen
86
When is GH administered?
- GHRH production issue - GHRH receptor issue - GH production issue
87
When is IGF-1 administered?
- GH receptor issue - IGF-1 production issue - IGF-1 receptor issue

Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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