Week 2

Question 1

What does the embryonic division telencephalon mature to?

Answer 1

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

What does the embryonic division diencephalon mature to?

Answer 2

Thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 3

What does the embryonic division mesencephalon mature to?

Answer 3

Midbrain

Question 4

What does the embryonic division Metencephalon mature to?

Answer 4

Pons, cerebellum

Question 5

What does the embryonic division myelencephalon mature to?

Answer 5

Medulla oblongata

Question 6

What cells are more numerous in the CNS than neurons?

Answer 6

Glial cells

Question 7

What type of glial cell has roles in support, maintaining blood brain barrier, environmental homeostasis?

Answer 7

Astrocytes (star shaped)

Question 8

What cells produce myelin in the CNS?

Answer 8

Oligodendrocytes

Question 9

What type of glial cell are of similar lineage to macrophages and are involved in immune monitoring and antigen presentation?

Answer 9

Microglia

Question 10

What type of glial cells are ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that line the ventricles?

Answer 10

Ependymal cells

Question 11

In the cerebellum, what is equivalent to a gyrus in the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 11

Folium

Question 12

In the brain is the grey matter on the inside or outside?

Answer 12

Outside

Question 13

What type of matter has huge numbers of neurons, cell processes, synapses and support cells?

Answer 13

Grey matter

Question 14

What type of matter has axons (most myelinated and their support cells)?

Answer 14

White matter

Question 15

In the spinal cord is the grey matter on the inside or outside?

Answer 15

Inside

Question 16

What matter in the spinal cord has horns?

Answer 16

Gray matter

Question 17

What love is anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?

Answer 17

Frontal lobe

Question 18

What lobe is posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus and anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preoccipitial notch?

Answer 18

Parietal lobe

Question 19

What lobe is inferior to the lateral sulcus and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the preoccipital notch?

Answer 19

Temporal lobe

Question 20

Where is the hidden lobe found and what does it do?

Answer 20

Underneath layers of brain

Role to play in patients experience of pain

Question 21

What other nervous system (CNS, PNS) must we not forget?

Answer 21

Enteric nervous system - from oesophagus to rectum

Question 22

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain to?

Answer 22

Into internal jugular vein

Question 23

At what sections are the two enlargmenets of the spinal cord?

Answer 23

cERVICAL AND LUMBAR

Question 24

Once the spinal cord terminates in the conus medullaris, what does it continue as?

Answer 24

Filum terminale - anchored to dorsum of coccyx

Question 25

What is the spinal cord suspended in teh canal by?

Answer 25

Ribbon of tissue on lateral aspects called denticulate ligament

Question 26

Where does the small central canal extending the lenmgth of the spnal cord open up into?

Answer 26

The 4th ventricle

Question 27

What do the posterior, lateral and anterior fasciculi make up?

Answer 27

White matter in spinal cord

Question 28

What three major longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord?

Answer 28

One anterior and two posterior that originate from vertebral arteries

Question 29

The segmental arteries that supply spinal cord are derived from what?

Answer 29

Vertebral arteries Intercostal arteries Lumbar arteries

Question 30

What arteries travel along the dorsal and ventral roots?

Answer 30

Radicular arteries

Question 31

What side of the cortex is the left side of the body represented on?

Answer 31

Right

Question 32

What column/system controls fine touch and conscious proprioception?

Answer 32

Dorsal column medial lemniscus system

Question 33

What column/system carries pain, temperature and deep pressure?

Answer 33

Spinothalamic tract

Question 34

What descending column/tract controls fine, precise movement particularly of distal limb muscles?

Answer 34

Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)

Question 35

What can a CVA of the internal capsule result in?

Answer 35

A lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract

Question 36

What tract has input mostly to cervical segments and is thought to mediate reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuloi?

Answer 36

Tectospinal tract

Question 37

What forms the central core of the brainstem?

Answer 37

Rericular formation

Question 38

In relation to the reticulospinal tract what do fibres originating in the pons facilitate?

Answer 38

Extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements. | Those originating in the medulla do the opoosite.

Question 39

What tract has excitatory input to antigravity exgtensor muscles?

Answer 39

Vestibulosponal tract

Question 40

What tract is thought to play an important role in patients exhibiting decerebrate rigidity and paraplegia in extension?

Answer 40

Vestibulospinal tract

Question 41

What syndrome results from lateral hemisectio n of the cord?

Answer 41

Brown sequard syndrome

Question 42

What part of brainstem does CN V come from?

Answer 42

Pons

Question 43

What is the name of the stripe going straight down cerebellum?

Answer 43

Vermis

Question 44

What three layers make up cerebellar cortex?`

Answer 44

Outer - molecular layer Middle - purkinje cells Inner - granular layer

Question 45

From all three lobes of the cerebellum, the only output is via what?

Answer 45

Axons of purkinje cells which mainly synapse on neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 46

What side of the body do cerebellar hemispheres influence?

Answer 46

Ipsilateral

Question 47

What does bilateral cerebellar dysfunction reslut in?

Answer 47

sLOWED, slurred speech, bilateral incoordination of arms and staggering, wide based gait.

Question 48

What exposure typically results in bilateral cerebellar hemispheere dysfunctin and presents with cerebellar ataxia?

Answer 48

Acute alcohol exposure

Question 49

What would a midline lesion in the cerebellum cause?

Answer 49

Disturbance of posural control

Question 50

What are the three functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 50

1. Facilitate purposeful movement 2. Inhibit unwanted movements 3. Role in posture and muscle tone

Question 51

What is the term for a number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 51

Basal ganglia

Question 52

The lenticualr nucleus is part of the basal ganglia - what makes it up?

Answer 52

Putamen (more medial) and globus pallidus

Question 53

The corpus striatum is part of the basal ganglia - what makes it up?

Answer 53

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus

Question 54

What else makes up the basal ganglia other than caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus?

Answer 54

Subthalamic nucleus | Substantia nigr

Question 55

What side of the body do unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect?

Answer 55

Contralateral side of body

Question 56

Lesions of what in the brain cause the following motor signs - changes in muscle tone, dyskinesias, tremor, chorea and myoclonus

Answer 56

Basal ganglion dysfunction

Question 57

Akinesia, rigidity and resting tremor?

Answer 57

Parkinsons disease

Question 58

Autosomal dominant disorder, progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex, chorea and progressive demenita?

Answer 58

Huntingtons dsiease

Question 59

All cranial nerves exit anteriorly except?

Answer 59

CN IV

Question 60

What is the only sensory modality that does not spase in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?

Answer 60

Olfactory nerve

Question 61

What trigeminal sensory nuclei deals with proprioception info from chewing muscles?

Answer 61

Mesencphalic nuclesu

Question 62

What trigeminal sensory nuclei deals with discrimitaive touch and vibration?

Answer 62

Pontine trigmenial nuclues

Question 63

What trigeminal sensory nuclei deals with pain and temp?

Answer 63

Spinal nucleus

Question 64

What CN IX nucleues deals with stylopharyngesu mucles?

Answer 64

Nucleus ambiguus

Question 65

What nyucleus deals with tase?

Answer 65

Solitary nucleus

Question 66

What tract is the part of the pyramidal tract that is motor to cranial nerves?

Answer 66

Corticobulbar tact

Question 67

What two nuclei are important in sound localisation?

Answer 67

Superior olivary nucleus | Nucleus of lateral lemniscus

Question 68

In what part of the auditory cortex do low frequency sound fibres end?

Answer 68

In anterolateral part

Question 69

In what part of the auditory cortex do high frequency sound fibres end?

Answer 69

Posteromedial part

Question 70

What is aphasia?

Answer 70

Inability to use language

Question 71

What area in the brain is damaged if patients have difficulty in producing language, often using few words and only say most important one?

Answer 71

Brocos area - broca's motor or expressive aphasia

Question 72

What area of teh brain is damaged when patients have difficulty comprehending language (words out of order to meaningloss words)?

Answer 72

Wernickes area - wernickes sensory or receptive aphasia

Question 73

What CN is related to superior colloculus?

Answer 73

Oculomotor

Question 74

What side of the gyrus (superior or inferior) is the lower visual field projected to?

Answer 74

Superior to calcarine sulcus

Question 75

Where does the macula project to of the visual cortex?

Answer 75

Posterior pole

Question 76

In relation to the pupillary light reflex - how do the pretectal fibres project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

Answer 76

Bilaterally

Question 77

What three CNs share the solitary nucleus?

Answer 77

CN VII, IX and X

Question 78

What two CNs share nucleus ambiguus?

Answer 78

CN IX AND X