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Anatomy > Week 2 Anatomy > Flashcards

Week 2 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital Anatomy (Birth Defect)

A

A variation often evident at birth or soon afterward due to aberrant form or function

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2
Q

What is Integumentary System and the functions?

A
  1. Skin 2. Protection of the body from environmental effects 3. Containment for the body’s structures and vital substances 4. Thermal Regulation: evaporation of sweat Sensation: superficial nerves and their sensory endings 5. Synthesis and storage of Vitamin D
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3
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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4
Q

What is the Epidermis

A

Keratinized epithelium that has a tough, horny, superficial layer that provides a protective outer surface. Has no blood vessels or lymphatics.

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5
Q

What is the Dermis?

A

A dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers. These provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of skin

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6
Q

Why are older people wrinkely?

A

The elastic fibers of the dermis deteriorate with age and are not replaced

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7
Q

What causes are hairs to rise?

A

Contraction of the Arrector muscles of the hair

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8
Q

What is located between the dermis and deep fascia?

A

Subcutaneous tissue (super fascia)

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9
Q

What is Super Fascia (Subcutaneous tissue)?

A

is composed mostly of loose connective tissue and stored fat and contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves. This provides for most of the body’s fat storage

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10
Q

What participates in thermoregulation?

A

Subcutaneous tissue functioning as insulation

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11
Q

What is Skin Ligaments?

A

Numerous small fibrous bands, extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia

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12
Q

Fascias

A

Constitute the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the deep structures of the body.

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13
Q

Deep Fascia

A

is a dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body parallel to the skin and subcutaneous tissue

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14
Q

Deep Fascia

A

is a dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body parallel to the skin and subcutaneous tissue

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15
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the head, neck, and trunk

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16
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral and pelvic girdles

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17
Q

Cartilage

A

resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required. No blood vessels and receive its nutrients through diffusion

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18
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

provide smooth, low friction gliding surfaces for free movement

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19
Q

Bone

A

a living tissue is a highly specialized hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton

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20
Q

What do bones provide?

A
  1. Support of the body and its vital cavities 2. Protection for vital structures 3. Mechanical basis for movement 4. Storage for salts 5. A continuous supply of new blood cells produced by the marrow
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21
Q

What surrounds bones? Cartilage

A
  1. Periostem 2. Perichondrium
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22
Q

What are the two types of bones?

A
  1. Spongy 2. Compact: provides strength for weight bearing
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23
Q

Long Bones

A

Tubular ex) Humerus in the arm

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24
Q

Short Bones

A

are cuboidal and are found only in the tarsus and carpus (ankle and wrist)

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25
Q

Flat bones

A

serve protective functions ex. teh bones of the cranium protect the brain

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26
Q

Irregular bones

A

have various shapes other than long, short, or flat

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27
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs. They protect the tendons from excessive wear adn often change the angle o fthe tendons as they pass to their attachments

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28
Q

Body

A

the principal mass of a bone

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29
Q

Capitulum

A

small, round, articular head

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30
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded, knuckle like articular area often occurining in pairs

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31
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of bone

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32
Q

Epicondyle

A

eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

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33
Q

Facet

A

smooht flat area, usually covered with cartilage

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34
Q

Foramen

A

passage through a bone

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35
Q

Fossa

A

Hollow or depressed area

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36
Q

Groove

A

elongated depression or furro

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37
Q

Head

A

large, round articular end

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38
Q

Line

A

linear elevation

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39
Q

Malleolus

A

rounded process

40
Q

Neck

A

relatively narrow portion promixal to the head

41
Q

Notch

A

indentation at the edge of a bond

42
Q

Process

A

an extension or projection serving a particular purpose

43
Q

Protuberance

A

a bulge or projection of bone

44
Q

Shaft

A

the diaphysis or body of a long bone

45
Q

Spine

A

thorn like process

46
Q

Trochanter

A

large blunt elevation

47
Q

Trochela

A

spool like articular process or process that acts as a pully

48
Q

Tubercle

A

small raised eminence

49
Q

Tuberosity

A

large rounded elevation

50
Q

What are all bones derived from?

A

Mesenchyme

51
Q

What are the two different processes of mesenchyme?

A
  1. Intramembranous Ossification: Membranous bone formation 2. Endochondral Ossification: Cartilaginous bone formation (Bone replaces cartilage)
52
Q

Joints

A

are unions or junctions between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton

53
Q

What are 3 classifications of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous: don’t move are united by fibrous tissue 2. Cartilaginous: somewhat move are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage 3. Synovial: freely are united by a joint capsule
54
Q

Plane Joints

A

gliding or sliding movements ex) acromioclavicular joint between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle

55
Q

Hinge Joints

A

permit only flexion and extension ex) the elbow joint

56
Q

Saddle joints

A

Abduction and Adduction as well as flexion and extension ex) the Thumb

57
Q

Condyloid Joints

A

permits Flexion and Extension as well as Abduction and adduction ex)Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle joints)

58
Q

Ball and socket Joints

A

allow movement in multiple axes and planes. Felxion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction. Ex) Hip joint

59
Q

Pivot Joints

A

permit rotation around a central axis anad are unilateral ex) neck

60
Q

Where do joints recieve blood?

A

Articular artieries

61
Q

Hilton Law

A

states that nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments

62
Q

Why are muscle cells called muscle fibers?

A

they are long and narrow when relaxed and are specialized contractile cells

63
Q

Skeletal striated muscle

A
  • voluntary somatic muscle
64
Q

Cardiac striated muscle

A

involuntary visceral muscle that forms the walls of the hear

65
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • unstriated muscle that is involuntary visceral muscle that forms parts of teh walls of most vessels and hollow organs
66
Q

What is this?

A

Skeletal Striated Muscle

67
Q

What is this?

A

Cardiac Striated Muscle

68
Q

What is this?

A

Smooth Muscle

69
Q

Aponeuroses

A

anchor the muscle to teh skeleton

70
Q

Flat Muscles

A

have parallel fibers often with an aponeurosis

ex) external oblique

71
Q

Pennate Muscles

A

are father like in the arrangement of their fasicles and may be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate

ex) extensor digitorum longus (uni) rectus femoris (bi) and deltoid (multi)

72
Q

Fusiform Muscles

A

are apindle shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered ends

ex) biceps brachii

73
Q

Convergent muscles

A

arise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon

ex) pectoralis major

74
Q

Quadrae muscles

A

have four equal sides

ex) rectus abdominis

75
Q

Circular or sphincteral muscles

A

surround a body opening or orifice constricting it when contracted

ex) orbicularis oculi (closes the eye lids)

76
Q

Multiheaded or multibellied muscles

A

have more than on ehead of attachment or more than one contractile belly

ex)biceps have two heads and triceps have 3

77
Q

Origin

A

Promixal end of the muscle

78
Q

Insertion

A

distail end of the muscle which is movable

79
Q

What are the two types of (active) muscle contractions?

A
  1. isotonic: muscle changes length in relationship to the production of movemetn
  2. Isometric: muscle length remains the same
80
Q

Label the skeletal muscle and motor units.

A
81
Q

Muscle fuction vs motor unit?

A
  1. Large muscles have greater number of muscle fibers per motor unit
  2. Smaller (more precise) muscles have smaller number of muscle fibers per motor unit
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Anatomy (6 decks)

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