Week 2 Fluids FITB Flashcards
1
Q
The major body fluid compartments include the ____ and ____ compartments.
A
intracellular, extracellular
2
Q
Regulation of water and electrolytes involves processes such as ____ and ____ movement.
A
osmosis, diffusion
3
Q
Common disorders related to water balance include water ____ and water ____.
A
excess, deficit
4
Q
Sodium imbalances can lead to conditions like ____ and ____.
A
hypernatremia, hyponatremia
5
Q
Potassium imbalances are categorized as ____ and ____ imbalances.
A
hyperkalemia, hypokalemia
6
Q
Magnesium imbalances can be classified as ____ and ____ imbalances.
A
hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia
7
Q
Calcium imbalances include conditions such as ____ and ____.
A
hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia
8
Q
Phosphate imbalances are referred to as ____ and ____ imbalances.
A
hyperphosphatemia, hypophosphatemia
9
Q
Acid-base regulation processes are essential for maintaining ____ and ____ balance.
A
pH, electrolyte
10
Q
Common intravenous fluid solutions are used for hydration and to correct ____ and ____ imbalances.
A
electrolyte, volume
11
Q
The state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body is known as ____ and is maintained by ____ responses.
A
Homeostasis, adaptive
12
Q
Infants have a water content of ____ to ____ of their body weight, while adults have ____ to ____ percent.
A
70%, 80%, 50%, 60%
13
Q
Older adults typically have a water content of ____ to ____ percent of their body weight, which is ____ than that of infants.
A
45%, 55%, lower
14
Q
Ways we lose water include ____ loss and ____ loss, which are categorized as ____ and ____ loss.
A
insensible, sensible, insensible, sensible
15
Q
The water content of the body varies with factors such as ____, ____, and ____.
A
gender, body mass, age
16
Q
Maintaining balance in the body involves managing the intake of fluids and the ____ of fluids, which is essential for ____ and ____.
A
output, health, survival
17
Q
The two main types of fluid compartments in the body are ____ and ____.
A
Intracellular Fluid (ICF), Extracellular Fluids (ECF)
18
Q
Extracellular fluids include ____ and ____.
A
Intravascular fluid, Interstitial fluid
19
Q
Cations are ____ charged particles, while anions are ____ charged particles.
A
positively, negatively
20
Q
Examples of cations include sodium Na+ and ____ while examples of anions include bicarbonate HCO3- and ____.
A
potassium K+, chloride Cl-
21
Q
The measurement of electrolytes is important for evaluating ____ balance and determining the composition of ____ preparations.
A
electrolyte, electrolyte
22
Q
Intracellular fluid is primarily found in the ____ while extracellular fluid includes plasma and ____.
A
cells, interstitial fluid
23
Q
Sodium Na+ is primarily found in the ____ fluid compartment, while potassium K+ is found in the ____ fluid compartment.
A
extracellular, intracellular
24
Q
Calcium Ca+ and magnesium Mg+ are examples of ____ found in the body, while bicarbonate HCO3- and phosphate PO4- are examples of ____.
A
cations, anions
25
Diffusion is a process that is ____ and requires ____ energy.
passive, no
26
Facilitated diffusion uses a ____ carrier in the cell membrane and requires ____ energy.
protein, no
27
Active transport moves molecules ____ the concentration gradient and requires ____ energy.
against, energy
28
Osmosis involves the movement of ____ between two compartments separated by a ____ membrane.
fluid, semipermeable
29
In osmosis, water moves from an area of ____ solute concentration to an area of ____ solute concentration.
low, high
30
Osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure required to stop the ____ flow of fluid.
osmotic
31
Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a fluid compartment, while oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by ____ and ____ in solution.
colloids, large molecules
32
When the pressure inside a capillary is greater than the pressure in the interstitial space, solutes and fluid move ____ into the ____ space.
OUT, interstitial
33
Albumin is known as a 'water magnet' because it has a strong ____ pressure that pulls fluid into the ____.
pulling, vessel
34
Causes of hypoalbuminemia include anorexia, malnutrition, and ____; it can lead to clinical manifestations such as ____ and fatigue.
starvation, edema
35
Increased levels of albumin in the blood result in a greater 'pull' of fluid into the vessel, while decreased levels can cause ____ and ____ due to low oncotic pressure.
edema, delayed healing
36
Clinical manifestations of low albumin levels can include anemia, muscle loss, and ____ due to the breakdown of body tissue to meet protein needs.
fatigue
37
Osmotic pressure is also referred to as ____ pressure, which is crucial for fluid movement in the body.
oncotic
38
Theoretically, there is ____ net fluid shift between compartments, and the types of IV fluids include Lactated Ringers and _____.
no, 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)
39
Water moves from ECF to ICF by _____, and ½ (0.45%) NaCl has ____ solutes than fluid.
osmosis, more
40
Hypertonic solutions like 3% NaCl initially expand and raise the osmolality of _____, while hypotonic solutions like ½ NaCl have ____ solutes than fluid.
ECF, more
41
Fluid imbalance can be caused by abnormal loss of normal body fluids such as diarrhea and ____ drainage, or inadequate ____.
fistula, intake
42
Treatment for fluid volume excess includes removing fluid without changing the electrolyte composition or osmolality of ____, while treatment for fluid volume deficit involves replacing water and ____ with balanced IV solutions.
ECF, electrolytes
43
Fluid spacing includes 1st, 2nd, and ____ spaces, and mechanisms controlling fluid and electrolyte movement involve shifts between ECF and ____.
3rd, ICF
44
The phrase 'Hippos swell cells' refers to the effects of ____ solutions, while 'Iso - perfect' describes ____ solutions.
hypotonic, isotonic
45
Fluid volume excess is also known as _____, while fluid volume deficit is referred to as _____.
hypervolemia, hypovolemia
46
The regulation of fluid balance involves the renal and adrenal systems, including ____ and ____.
RAAS, Aldosterone
47
The major role of sodium (Na+) includes maintaining ECF volume and ____ as well as generating and transmitting ____ impulses.
concentration, nerve
48
Hyponatremia can be caused by renal loss of sodium and excessive ____ intake, leading to symptoms like ____ and ____.
water, confusion, nausea
49
Management of hyponatremia may involve fluid restriction and replacement with sodium-containing ____ solutions.
solution
50
Hypernatremia can result from decreased ADH and significant fluid loss, leading to symptoms such as ____ and ____.
thirst, agitation
51
In cases of hypernatremia, the primary protection mechanism is the sensation of ____ from the hypothalamus.
thirst
52
The kidneys play a crucial role in fluid balance by reabsorbing Na+ and retaining ____ during hyponatremia.
H2O
53
Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia include seizures and ____; management may require the use of ____ to treat the underlying cause.
coma, diuretics
54
Fluid volume status must be considered when evaluating sodium levels because ____ follows ____ in the body.
water, salt
55
The normal range for sodium (Na+) levels is between ____ and ____ mmol/L.
135, 145
56
Fluid volume excess can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.
edema, hypertension
57
To diagnose fluid volume excess, tests such as ____ and ____ may be ordered.
blood tests, urine tests
58
In treating fluid volume excess, one might use ____ and ____ as part of the management plan.
diuretics, fluid restriction
59
Potassium (K+) is crucial for ____ and ____ in the body.
nerve transmission, muscle contraction
60
Hypokalemia can result from ____ or ____ losses.
renal, gastrointestinal
61
Common manifestations of hypokalemia include ____ and ____ weakness.
skeletal muscle, respiratory muscle
62
To manage hypokalemia, potassium can be administered via ____ or ____ methods.
oral, intravenous
63
The normal range for potassium levels is ____ to ____ mmol/L.
3.5, 5.0
64
The Na/K pump is essential for maintaining ____ and ____ in the body.
resting membrane potential, cardiac rhythm
65
Sources of potassium include ____ and ____.
fruits, vegetables
66
Hyperkalemia can lead to issues in the ____ and ____ systems, requiring ECG monitoring and possible dialysis.
cardiac, MSK
67
To manage hyperkalemia, one should discontinue K+ intake and increase ____ elimination through diuretics or Kayexalate.
potassium
68
Calcium is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and ____; it plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and ____ contraction.
Vitamin D, cardiac
69
In the skeletal system, 99%+ of calcium is combined with ____; this relationship is inversely related to ____ levels.
phosphorus, calcium
70
Elevated ECF potassium can be reversed by administering calcium gluconate IV and forcing K+ from ECF to ICF using ____ or sodium bicarbonate.
IV insulin
71
The normal range for potassium levels is between ____ and ____ mmol/L, with significant hyperkalemia requiring cardiac monitoring.
2.25, 2.75
72
Sources of calcium include dairy products and ____; it is essential for blood clotting and ____ health.
green, leafy vegetables, bone
73
Hyperkalemia can occur due to excessive intake of K+, impaired renal excretion, or a shift of K+ from ____ to ____ due to conditions like crush injury.
ICF, ECF
74
Hypocalcemia can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.
nerve excitability, laryngeal stridor
75
Common causes of hypocalcemia include ____ and ____.
acute pancreatitis, vitamin D deficiency
76
Management of hypocalcemia may involve administering ____ and ____ supplements.
calcium, vitamin D
77
Symptoms of hypercalcemia include ____ and ____.
confusion, cardiac arrhythmias
78
To manage hypercalcemia, one might use ____ and ____ for treatment.
loop diuretics, isotonic saline infusion
79
Hyperparathyroidism is a common cause of hypercalcemia, along with ____ and ____.
malignancy, vitamin D overdose
80
Positive Trousseau’s sign and Chvostek’s sign are indicators of ____ and ____.
hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia
81
In cases of hypocalcemia, muscle symptoms may include ____ and ____.
tetany, cramps
82
Management of hypocalcemia includes treating pain and anxiety to prevent ____ and ____.
hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis
83
The body regulates calcium levels through the action of ____ and ____.
parathyroid hormone, kidneys
84
Phosphorus is essential for _____ function, _____ cell function, and the _____ system.
muscle, red blood, nervous
85
Hyperphosphatemia is related to _____ or _____ renal failure, laxative overuse, and increased _____ usage.
acute, chronic, vitamin D
86
Hypophosphatemia is usually related to _____, malabsorption, and _____ overuse.
malnutrition, antacid
87
Magnesium is vital in _____ reactions and needed in _____ and RNA synthesis.
ATP, DNA
88
Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include confusion, _____, and _____ dysrhythmias.
vertigo, cardiac
89
Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign are manifestations of _____ due to low serum magnesium level.
hypomagnesemia
90
Magnesium is regulated by GI absorption and _____ excretion.
renal
91
Up to _____% of phosphorus is stored in the bone.
60
92
The normal range for serum phosphorus is _____ to _____ mmol/L.
1.12, 1.45
93
The normal range for serum magnesium is _____ to _____ mmol/L.
0.74, 1.07
94
Hypermagnesemia can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.
hypotension, facial flushing
95
Common manifestations of hypermagnesemia include ____ and ____.
lethargy or drowsiness, nausea/vomiting
96
To manage hypermagnesemia, one should limit ____ and provide ____ for treatment.
magnesium-containing foods, IV calcium gluconate
97
The normal pH range of blood is between ____ and ____.
7.35, 7.45
98
The three systems that work together to maintain pH balance are the ____ system, ____ system, and ____ system.
buffer, respiratory, renal
99
Acidosis is characterized by an increase in ____ ions, leading to a decrease in ____ levels.
hydrogen, pH
100
In cases of hypermagnesemia, one may experience ____ or ____ as severe symptoms.
muscle paralysis, coma
101
The acidity of body fluids is determined by the concentration of ____ ions, measured as ____.
hydrogen, pH
102
To promote urinary excretion in hypermagnesemia, it is important to provide ____ and ____.
fluids, increased intake of magnesium
103
The respiratory system helps maintain acid-base balance by regulating ____ levels and ____.
carbon dioxide, pH
104
Patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney disease frequently develop ____ - ____ imbalances due to ____ and ____ loss.
acid, base, vomiting, diarrhea
105
The primary regulator of acid - base balance acts quickly and includes three major buffer systems: bicarbonate - carbonic acid, phosphate, and ____ buffers.
protein
106
An increase in CO2 or H+ stimulates the ____ center, which can utilize ____ or ____ to regulate acid - base balance.
respiratory, hypoventilation, hyperventilation
107
Long-term regulation of acid - base balance is managed by the kidneys, which eliminate nonvolatile acids and regulate ____ in ECF by selectively excreting or retaining ____ to maintain pH.
bicarbonate, H+
108
The normal pH range of blood is between ____ and ____, indicating the acidity or basicity of blood.
7.35, 7.45
109
The amount of dissolved O2 in blood, measured as paO2, should be between ____ and ____ mmHg to show efficiency of O2 transport.
75, 100
110
The amount of dissolved CO2 in blood, indicated by paCO2, should be between ____ and ____ mmHg to show how efficiently CO2 is removed from the body.
35, 45
111
HCO3 levels in the blood should range from ____ to ____ mmol/L, representing a form of CO2 transported to the lungs.
22, 26
112
The degree to which hemoglobin in red blood cells is saturated with O2 is measured as SpO2, which should be between ____ and ____ percent.
94, 100
113
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to ____ and is characterized by ____ in carbonic acid.
hypoventilation, excess
114
Metabolic acidosis is caused by an accumulation of an acid other than carbonic acid or a loss of ____ from body fluids.
bicarbonate
115
Prolonged vomiting can lead to ____ due to a loss of acid and a gain in ____.
metabolic alkalosis, bicarbonate
116
Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there is ____ and results in a ____ of carbonic acid.
hyperventilation, deficit
117
ABG's are indicated to assess a patient's ____ status and provide information about their ____ levels.
pH, acid-base
118
In older adults, structural changes in the kidneys decrease the ability to ____ and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to increased loss of ____.
conserve water, moisture
119
The reduced thirst mechanism in older adults results in decreased ____ intake and can lead to fluid ____ imbalances.
fluid, electrolyte
120
To prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalances in older patients, the nurse must assess for age-related changes and implement ____ accordingly, including monitoring ____ levels.
treatment, fluid
121
Older adults may experience a decreased ability to conserve water due to ____ changes in the kidneys and a loss of ____ tissue.
structural, subcutaneous
122
Nursing actions to manage fluid electrolyte imbalances in older patients include assessing for changes in ____ and ensuring adequate ____ intake.
hydration, fluid
123
The loss of subcutaneous tissue in older adults can lead to increased loss of moisture and a decreased ability to ____ water, affecting their overall ____ balance.
conserve, fluid/electrolyte
124
Older adults often have a reduced thirst mechanism, which can result in decreased fluid intake and potential ____ imbalances, requiring careful ____ by nurses.
electrolyte, assessment
