WEEK 3: Alcohol Flashcards
Magnitude Of alcohol use in Botswana.
Q: What are the most commonly used substances in Botswana?
A: The most heavily used substances in Botswana are alcohol and marijuana (pot). Alcohol holds the top spot as the most widely used substance, followed by marijuana.
Q: What is the ratio of alcohol to marijuana use in Botswana?
A: In Botswana, approximately 95% of substance use is attributed to alcohol, making it the predominant choice among users. Marijuana, on the other hand, accounts for about 4% of substance use in the country.
Q: Name other drugs commonly used in Botswana aside from alcohol and marijuana and state their estimated overall substance abuse percentage.
A: Drugs like ecstasy and glue are among the substances used, but they represent a smaller proportion, estimated to be around 1% of overall substance use.
History of Alcohol
Q: What is the biblical account of alcohol consumption in Genesis Chapter 9?
Q: How was alcohol used during the transatlantic slave trade era?
A: In Genesis 9:20-23, Noah, after surviving the great flood, plants a vineyard and becomes intoxicated from its wine. This incident illustrates one of the earliest recorded instances of alcohol consumption in biblical history, highlighting the consequences of excessive drinking.
A: European traders often used alcohol, known as “firewater,” as a commodity to purchase African slaves. This exploitative practice contributed to the devastation of African communities and the perpetuation of the slave trade.
Q: What regulations and policies exist in modern times to manage alcohol consumption?
A: In modern times, governments have implemented various regulations and policies to regulate alcohol consumption, including alcohol levies, trading regulations, public health campaigns (such as Alcohol 411 initiatives), and restrictions during events like the COVID-19 pandemic.
NOTE:
A: Alcohol levies are taxes imposed by governments on the sale of alcohol. These taxes aim to deter excessive consumption and generate revenue for public health initiatives and alcohol-related harm reduction programs.
A: Trading regulations, such as licensing laws, age restrictions, and trading hours, are enforced to regulate the sale and distribution of alcohol. These regulations aim to prevent underage drinking and reduce alcohol-related harms within communities.
Bojalwa jwa setswana (Setswana brew)
Alcohol has been around for many years with mild alcohol content
It has historically been used for ceremonies. State the ceremonies.
Weddings
Initiation ceremonies
Funerals
Hunting expeditions
Discuss most common types of alcohol consumed in Botswana (WHO 2003).
- Nyola is a home-brewed concoction prepared from commercially produced sorghum powder 750g of beer powder + 5L of warm water and allowed to ferment overnight before consumption.
- Bojalwa (sorghum beer); Chibuku shake -shake
- khadi (designer alcohol) made from wild berries, wild pumpkins, wild roots, oranges, sorghum and maize. Yeast, black tobacco and acid battery can be added for power
- tho-tho-tho (80% alcohol content); o lala fa (you sleep here);
- Monna tota (real man); chechisa (hurry up)
- laela mmago (say bye to your mother); motse o teng godimo (there is a home in heaven), kgoro ya lebitla (entrance to the grave)
A Population-Based Study on Alcoholand High-Risk Sexual Behaviors in Botswana[Weiser 2006.
Q: What were the key findings of the cross-sectional survey conducted among adults in Botswana regarding heavy alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviors?
A: The survey found that heavy alcohol consumption was prevalent among both men and women, with 31% of men and 17% of women meeting the criteria for heavy drinking. Among both genders, heavy alcohol use was associated with higher odds of engaging in risky sexual behaviors, including unprotected sex, having multiple partners, and engaging in transactional sex (paying for or selling sex).
Q: How did heavy alcohol use impact risky sexual behaviors among men and women?
Q: Was there a relationship between the level of alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviors?
A: Among men, heavy alcohol consumption was associated with higher odds of all risky sexual outcomes examined, including unprotected sex, having multiple partners, and paying for sex. Similarly, among women, heavy alcohol consumption was linked to higher odds of engaging in unprotected sex, having multiple partners, and selling sex.
A: Yes, the survey identified a dose-response relationship between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviors.
Moderate drinkers were found to be at lower risk compared to both problem drinkers and heavy drinkers.
This suggests that even moderate levels of alcohol consumption can contribute to risky sexual behaviors, although to a lesser extent than heavy alcohol use.
Discuss Social Consequences Of Alcohol.
Associated with crime and violence
A contributory factor in assaults and domestic violence
High sickness absence levels
Low productivity at work
Loss of employment or reduced employment opportunities
Road traffic accidents
NOTE: High sickness absence levels refer to a situation where a significant number of employees are frequently absent from work due to illness or health-related issues.
Q: How does alcohol use disorder affect the likelihood of contracting HIV?
Q: What is the relationship between HIV and alcohol abuse?
A: Individuals with alcohol use disorders are more likely than the general population to contract HIV. This increased risk is due to several factors, including engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors and injection drug use, which are major modes of HIV transmission associated with alcohol misuse.
A: People living with HIV are more likely to abuse alcohol at some point during their lives. Alcohol use is often associated with high-risk sexual behaviors and injection drug use, both of which can increase the likelihood of HIV transmission and acquisition.
Q: How does alcohol use contribute to high-risk sexual behaviors and injection drug use, leading to HIV transmission?
Q: What are the consequences of heavy drinking in individuals already infected with HIV?
A: Alcohol use is associated with disinhibition, impaired judgment, and increased risk-taking behaviors, all of which can lead to engaging in high-risk sexual activities, such as unprotected sex or having multiple sexual partners.
Similarly, alcohol misuse can also contribute to injection drug use, which involves sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, increasing the risk of HIV transmission.
A: In individuals already infected with HIV, heavy drinking can lead to increased medical and psychiatric complications, delays in seeking treatment, difficulties with HIV medication compliance, and poorer treatment outcomes.
Additionally, alcohol may exacerbate the severity of AIDS-related brain damage, further complicating the management of HIV/AIDS.
Q: How does alcohol use impact HIV treatment outcomes?
Q: What interventions are effective in addressing the intersection of alcohol use and HIV transmission?
A: Alcohol use can negatively impact HIV treatment outcomes by interfering with medication adherence, increasing the risk of medication side effects, and worsening the progression of the disease.
Individuals who misuse alcohol may be less likely to adhere to their HIV treatment regimen, leading to poorer virological and immunological outcomes.
A: Effective interventions include providing integrated treatment and support services for alcohol use disorders and HIV/AIDS, promoting harm reduction strategies, such as condom use and needle exchange programs, and offering education and counseling on reducing alcohol-related risk behaviors.
It is essential to address both alcohol use and HIV/AIDS comprehensively to improve health outcomes and reduce transmission rates.
Discuss Mode of Action on sexual risk
directly on the brain to reduce inhibitions and diminish risk perception
However, expectations about alcohol effects may exert a more powerful influence on alcohol-involved sexual behavior.
Studies consistently demonstrate that people who strongly believe that alcohol enhances sexual arousal and performance are more likely to practice risky sex after drinking
Outline Alcohol related injuries seen by EMS.
- MVA
- Accident falls
- Homicide and injuries purposely inflicted by other person.
- Non-traffic accidents
- Suicide and self-inflicted injury
