WEEK 3: Ch 5,6,7 Flashcards by ada KESTEK

Pavlov’s personality theory of dogs:

1-Weak: inhibited, anxious, easily upset (melancholic)
2-Strong unbalanced: exitable, hyperactive, irritable (choleric)
3-Strong balanced slow: calm, consistent, not easily aroused (phlegmatic)
4- Strong balanced mobile: lively, fast eager.

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Neurotransmitter

Biological substance involved in communication among nerve cells.
-The communication between neurone is the basis of our thoughts emotions and behaviors.

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Neurotransmitter journey

Neurotransmitter released (electric impulses) - travel through the axons - released to synapses- absorbed by the receiving neuron’s dendrites- acceleration or inhibition

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Cloninger’s theory

Neurotransmitters can influence personality.
-dopamine (novelty seeking, serotonin, neuropinephrine are located in the central nervous system and effects our personality.
-No clear support

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Dopamine

-Novelty seeking (tendency to seek pleasure and or excitement)

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Serotonin

-It inhibits your body’s response to harm and unpleasurable things.
-Related to anxiety and and pain
Example: low levels or serotonin will lead to harm avoidance that is seen in depressed or anxious patients.

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Norepinephrine

-prohibits to be reward dependent.
-Low levels of norepinephrine will result in reward-dependent behavior which will cause more sentimental attachments.

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Gray’s theory (Reinforcement sensitivity theory)

Certain brain regions work together as mechanisms that underlie personality.
-BAS
-BIS
-FFFS

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Behavioral activation system (BAS)

-go system “encourages to pursuit of rewards”
-If the BAS is active people are more likely to be impulsive seek pleasure and excitement.

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Behavioral Inhibition (system)

-stop system it encourages to the avoidance of punishment.
- The more active means people are more tend to avoid punishments. (anxious people)

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Fight-Flight-Freeze system

-eliciting extreme reactions in response to extremely threatening situations.
-The more active the person will engage in more extreme reactions (aggression etc)

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Eysenck’s theory

Personality is based on biological changes
-Activating reticular arousal system (extraversion)
-Limbic system (Emotional Stability)
-Extraversion-Intraversion
-Neuroticism-Stability
-Psychoticism (added later)

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Extraversion

-People differ in their sensitivity so stimuli.
-Extravorted stimuli prefer high level of stimulation
-Intravorted people prefer a low level of stimulation
-This system is governed by Ascending reticular activation system (ARAS)

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Neuroticism

-Moderated by stress sensitivity
-Sensitive to stress tha leads to anxiety
-If you can cope with stress you are emotionally stable (controlled by the limbic system)

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Psychoticism

-agressiveness, manipulation , tough mindness
-High levels are associated with criminal behavior.
-Highly psychotic people have high testosterone and low monoamine oxidase.

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Zuckerman’s model

-Did a factor analysis
-Similar to Eysenck’s theory (extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism)
-Summarized it in 5 factors: Activity, Sociability, Impulsive sensation seeking, Aggression and Neuroticism/anxiety

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Hormones

Biological chemicals and transmitted to the other parts of the body.
-Testosterone
-Cortisol
-Oxytocin

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Testosterone

-Physical characteristics of man
-doesn’t really influence personality
-uncertain might be related to aggression, dominance

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Cortisol

-Triggered by stress
-prepare the body for stress
-can lead to increase in blood pressure
-doesn’t influence behavior significantly
-depression and unemotional

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Oxytocin

-female and male productive system
-Produced in hypothalamus
-when giving birth, breastfeeding,nd during orgasms.
-Not significantly related to personality.
-Bonding,trustingness ,prosociality,trustworthy

Is personality determined by genetics or environment?

Both

fake study: Seperating monozygot twins , growing in different environments ( genetic-environment influence)

Twins who share 100% identical genes were separated. When they were 20 personality similarities were checked and it was fun .6.
– Result: 60% genes and 40% environment.

fake Study: Seperating dizygot twins , growing in different environments ( genetic-environment influence)

If the correlation found is 60% it means 30% is due to genetic because except monozygotic twins all siblings share 50% DNA.

Alelle

-Particular version of a gene
-If a person has 2 copies of allele the trait will definitely be expressed.

Additive genetic effects

-Accumulation of several genes (polygenic genes) determining a trait in phenotype. -Remains the same for monozygotic twins

Nonadditive genetic effects

-When siblings have different alleles of genes -Polymorphisim, interaction between dominant and recessive gene. Ex: E= red flower r= white flower Rr= flower will be pink not just simply red or white but a mix of both

Fretenal and monozygot twins

- Monozygot twins are 2 times more similar than fraternal twins because nonaddictive genes and different genes variations in fraternal twins can lead to different outcomes.

Between-family

shared enviormental influence -Factors that contribute to similarities among siblings raised in the same family but differ between families

Within family

-non shared environmental influence factors that contribute to difference between siblings that were raised within the same family.

Effects of common shared environment

-If monozygot twins are raised in the same environment the similarity might be more. -For fraternal twins the same thing can be said which can be concluded as monozygotic wins are not particularly 2 times more identical than fraternal twins.

Effects of non-shared environment

If 60% of similarity due to genetics 20% due to shared environment rest 20% is considered as a part of non-shared environment.

Study of heredity research:

-Identical twins (.50) similarity -Faternal twins .25 similarity - When self-oberver reports are taken account together 64% of the personality is due to genes.

-Identical twins that are raised apart are more similar than eternal twins that grew up together. -Adopted siblings only show 10% similarity in their personalities..

Assumptions of heritability studies

1- Relatives can be observed independently from each other. (Ex: a twin who is less anxious than his twin can think he is not anxious at all) 2-Parents of studied individuals are no more similar than two people chosen at a random time.

Effects of parental treatment on twins

-Correlation was found .15 -Not certain if the parents affect the personality or personality effects the paren treatment.

Effects of birth order on twins

very small effect

Interaction of genotype with the environment

1- Passive: both of your parents athletic and you grew up in an athletic environment. 2-Active: predisposition to be musical bd therefore choose to play the piano. 3-Reactive:a child might be aggressive and other children bullying him for that can make him more aggressive.

Darwin evolutionary theory summarised:

1- Individual differences among people 2- Inheritance of characteristics 3-Characteristics associated with reproductive success 4- change across generations in characteristics in levels of characteristics

Why does variation not go away?

-It might be unimportant for survival and reproduction - mutations lead to variation and evolution is not quick enough to eliminate them -Infections tend to spread slower when individuals differ.

Fluctuating Optimum

The ideal level of characteristics might differ depending on environmental conditions

Frequency-dependent selection

There might be a ideal balance of several characteristics rather than just one ideal trait.

Honesty- Humility (Benefits/ Costs?)

Benefit: gains from cooperation Cost: potential gain that would result in exploting others.

Agreeableness (Benefits/ Costs?)

Benefit: gains from cooperation Cost: loses due to being exploited by others

Emotionality (Benefits/ Costs?)

Benefit: survival of kin Cost: loss of potential-gain associated to risks to self and kin.

Conscientousness (Benefits/ Costs?)

Benefit: material gain cost:energy and time

Extraversion (Benefits/ Costs?)

benefit:social gain costs: energy and time

Opennes to experience

benefit: material and social gain costs: energy and time risks from social and natural environment.

Fluctuating optimum/dependence

-If differences are large between countries fluctuating optimum is more influential -If differences are small between countries fluctuating dependence is more influential.

Measurement problems with cross-national levels of trait

-Self report -socially desirable answer -validity of the QN