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Week 1 Physiology > Week 3 e > Flashcards

Week 3 e Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tissue needs?

A
  1. Delivery of oxygen to tissues
  2. Delivery of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, ect
  3. Removal of Carbon Dioxide, hydrogen and other metabolites from the tissues
  4. Maintenance of proper ionic concentrations in tissues
  5. Transport various hormones and other substances to different tissues
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2
Q

What is flow?

A

V/T

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3
Q

What is perfusion?

A

F/Amt of tissue

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4
Q

What is flow closely related to?

A

metabolic rate of tissues

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5
Q

What are the possible regulators? Why Blood flow increase when metabolism increases

A
  1. O2 demand theory
  2. Vasodilatory theory
    - Adenosine
    - CO2
    - Adenosine Phosphate compounds
    - Histamine
    - K+
    - H+
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6
Q

What is teh Oxygen Demand Theory?

A

Regardless if you have a decrease in O2 delivery or an increase in tissue metabolism. Both will eventually cause a decrease in Tissue O2 levels

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7
Q

What is Reactive Hyperemia?

A

Blocking blood supply for a period of time causes a build up of waste product metabolites that have vasodilatory properties

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8
Q

What is Active Hyperemia?

A

increase in local metabolism causes rapid diminishing of nutrients and increase release of vasodilatory substances

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9
Q

What is Flow Mediated Dilation?

A
  • Good indicator of arterial health
  • Measure the diameter of artery
  • Area under the curve
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10
Q

When shear stress happens it is caused by?

A

Blood flow increase

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11
Q

Role of Nitric Oxide?

A

Relaxing factor

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12
Q

What is AcH?

A

Endothelial dependent factor (Vasodilation)

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13
Q

What is Sodium Nitrate?

A

Endothelial independent factor (Directly acts on teh SMC)

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14
Q

What are the responses of Autoregulation of Blood Flow to Blood Pressure?

A
  1. Metabolic Autoregulation
  2. Myogenic Autoregulation
  3. Flow mediated Dilator
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15
Q

What is Myogenic Autoregulation?

A
  • Sudden stretch of small blood vessels stimulates VSMC contraction via stretch induced depolarization
  • When flow increase so does pressure leading to increase VSMC contraction which increase resistance and therefore decrease flow back to normal
  • Opposite happens with decrease in flow and pressure
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16
Q

What overrides Myogenic Autoregulation?

A

Metabolic autor regulation

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17
Q

What determines Vasomotor tone?

A

Transmural pressure and luminal shear stress

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18
Q

What is governed by the VSMC?

A

Myogenic Autoregulation

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19
Q

What is governed by Endothelium Cells?

A

Flow mediated Dilation

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20
Q

What happens during exercise?

A

Sympathetic stimulation (vasoconstriction through alpha receptors

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21
Q

What happens when you’re not exercising?

A

Sympathetic stimulation decrease blood flow to nonexercising organs and shunting blood to exercising organs

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22
Q

What happens with capillary density with exercising?

A

the capillary density increases

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23
Q

What is the role of Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  1. Redistribution of blood flwo
  2. Increase pumping activity of the heart
  3. Rapid control of arterial pressure
24
Q

What are the two main components of the ANS?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system (control of circulation)

2. Parasympathetic nervous system (Regulating heart function via vagus n)

25
Q

Alpha is

A

vasoconstriction

26
Q

Beta

A

Vasodilation

27
Q

What does sympathetic nerve fibers innervate?

A

all vessels except capillaries and pre capillary sphincter and some met-arterioles

28
Q

Where is sympathetic vasoconstriction system distributed most? less?

A
  1. kidneys, gut, spleen, and skin

- coronary circulation and the brain

29
Q

What is the Vasomotor Center?

A
  • Transmits impulses downward through the cord to almost all blood vessels
  • located bilaterally in the reticular substance of the medulla and the lower third of the pons
  • Composed of a vasoconstrictor area, vasodilator area, and sensory area
30
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic Outflow?

A
  1. Effect on SA node (increase HR)
  2. Effect on Cardiac Muscle (increase contractility and SV)
  3. Effect of arterioles (Vasoconstriction and increase Total Peripheral Resistance)
31
Q

What are the effects of parasympathetic outflow?

A
  1. Effect on SA node via vagus n. (decrease HR)
32
Q

What are the functions of the Vasomotor Center?

A
  1. Vasoconstrictor area transmits signals continuously to sympathetic n. fibers called sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone
  2. Lateral portion of the VMC controls heart activity by increase heart rate and contractility
  3. Medial portion of VMC transmits signals via vagus n to heart to decrease heart rate
33
Q

What is Vasomotor tone?

A

impulses maintain partial state of contraction in blood vessels

34
Q

How dose Vasomotor Center affect the vasculature?

A

neurotransmitters

35
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the vasoconstrictor nerves?

A

norepinephrine

36
Q

What are the neurotransmitters for the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

37
Q

How can the nervous system via Vasomotor center increase arterial pressure?

A
  1. Constricting almost all arterioles of the body which increase total peripheral resistance
  2. Constricting large vessels of the circulation there by increasing venous return and Cardiac Output
  3. Directly increase Cardiac Output by increase heart rate adn contractiliyt
38
Q

What are the reflex mechanisms for BP control?

A

1 Baroreceptors Reflex (High Pressure Baroreceptors)

  1. Chemoreceptors Reflex
  2. Atrial and Pulmonary Artery Reflex (Low Pressure Baroreceptors)
  3. CNS Ischemic Response
  4. Abdominal Compression Reflex
  5. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
39
Q

What is Baroreceptor Reflex?

A
  • increase in pressure increases vagal activity

- increase in pressure decrease sympathetic activity (decrease TPR)

40
Q

What is the Baroreceptor response to Hemorrhage?

A
  • decrease parasympathetic activity to heart

- increase sympathetic activity to heart and blood vessel

41
Q

What is the Chemoreceptor Reflex?

A
  • They are chemosensitive cells that are sensitive to oxygen lack, CO2 excess, or H ion excess
  • located in carotid bodies near the carotid bifurcation and the arch of the aorta
  • Activation of these results in excitation of the vasomotor center
  • They are not stimulated until pressure falls bellow 80 mmHg
42
Q

What are Low Pressure Baroreceptors?

A
  • are in the atria and pulmonary arteries and minimize arterial pressure changes in response to changes in blood volume
  • increase in blood volume activates this
  • enhances Na and water
43
Q

What does Low pressure Baroreceptors enhance Na and water?

A
  1. decrease rate of antidiuretic hormone
  2. increase glomerular filtration rate (Renal Vasodilation)
  3. decrease Na reabsorption
44
Q

What is the Brainbridge Reflex?

A
  • increase atrial pressure increase heart rate 75%
  • response to high pressure receptors (decrease HR)
  • response to low pressure receptors (increase HR –> increase CO –> increase Renal Perfusion –> increase Na+ adn water excretion
45
Q

What are the effects of changes in blood volume on CO?

A
  • decrease in blood volume will decrease CO and vice versa
46
Q

How is CNS Ischemic response activated?

A

Response to Cerebral Ischemia

47
Q

What happens when you decrease cerebral blood flow?

A

CO2 build up which stimulates vasomotor center, therefor increase arterial pressure

48
Q

What is the most powerful activators of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor system?

A

CNS ischemic response

49
Q

When will the CNS Ischemic response activate?

A

When pressure falls below 60 mmHg, the greatest activation happens at pressures of 15-20 mmHg

50
Q

What is the Cushing reaction?

A

a specific type of Ischemic response
- increase CSF pressure –> Compression of cerebral arteries –> decrease blood flow –> ++ Cushing reaction (increase BP) –> Blood flow is restored

51
Q

What stimulates Abdominal Compression Reflex?

A

Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptors

52
Q

What dose the Abdominal muscle contraction compress?

A
  • venous reservoirs and help translocate blood from the abdomen to the heart thus increase venous return and CO
53
Q

When we inspire?

A

increase HR

54
Q

When we expire?

A

decrease HR

55
Q

When teh intrathoracic pressure decreases…

A

Venous return increases

Week 1 Physiology (6 decks)

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